Anthropogenic emissions

On this page we list information about the various anthropogenic emissions inventories available for use w/ GEOS-Chem v8-02-03 and higher versions.

Global inventories

Inventory	Base Year	Region	NOx	CO	PRPE	C3H8	ALK4	C2H6	ACET	MEK	ALD2	CH2O	BENZ	TOLU	XYLE	C2H4	C2H2	SO2	SO4	NH3	Variability
EDGAR	2000	global	x	x														x			season (NOx, SOx)
RETRO	2000	global			x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x				month
GEIA	1985	global	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x								x	x	x	season (NOx, SOx)

EDGAR

Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) inventory.

The EDGAR emissions of NOx, CO, and SOx are the standard emissions. However, the EDGAR emissions are typically overwritten by data from the regional emissions inventories listed below.

The EDGAR inventory also includes emissions from ship exhaust.

References:

• Olivier, J.G.J. and J.J.M. Berdowski, Global emissions sources and sinks. In: Berdowski, J., Guicherit, R. and B.J. Heij (eds.) The Climate System, pp. 33-78. A. A. Balkema Publishers/Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, Lisse, The Netherlands., 2001
• A related document can be found here: EDGAR description (pdf)
• Aaron van Donkelaar has created a PDF document that shows some of the effects of using the EDGAR emissions.

--Bob Y. 13:37, 17 March 2010 (EDT)

RETRO

RETRO anthropogenic VOC emissions are the recommended default for anthropogenic VOC emissions. The RETRO inventory has improved temporal and spatial resolution and a more inclusive suite of speciated NMVOCs than many of the other optional inventories.

GEIA/Piccot

Previously, this was the baseline anthropogenic emissions inventory in GEOS-Chem.

Description from Wang et al [1998]:

A global NOx emission inventory (21 Tg N/yr) from fossil fuel combustion has been compiled by the Global Emission Inventory Activity [Benkovitz et al 1996] with a 1° x 1° resolution....

Our global CO emission inventory includes 390 TG CO/yr from fossil fuel combustion and industrial activities and 130 Tg CO/yr from wood fuel burning. This inventory has a resolution of 1° x 1° and is aseasonal....

We adopted the country-by-country inventory of Piccot et al [1992] for emissions of paraffins (45 Tg C/yr) and olefins (18 Tg C/yr) from fossil fuel combustion and industrial activity. The emissions within each country were distributed on the basis of population density using a 1° x 1° population map [Benkovitz et al 1996]. The Piccot et al inventory gives no information on the speciation of paraffins and olefins; a speciation of emissions for the United states is, however, available from NAPAP [Middleton et al 1990]....On the basis of [additional data from Harvard Forest], we modify the NAPAP apportionment of paraffins....Assuming the NHMC speciation for the United States to be globally representative, we deduce global emission rates of 6.3 Tg C/yr of Ethane, 6.8 Tg C/yr of propane, 30 Tg C/yr of >=C4 alkanes, 1.0 Tg C/yr of acetone, 1.0 Tg C/yr of higher ketones, and 10.4 Tg C/yr of >=C3 alkenes.

References:

• Benkovitz, C. M., M. T. Scholtz, J. Pacyna, L. Tarrason, J. Dignon, E. C. Voldner, P. A. Spiro, J. A. Logan, and T. E. Graedel, Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D22), 29,239-29,253, 1996.
• Middleton, P., W.R. Stockwell, and W.P.L. Carter, Aggregation and analysis of volatile organic carbon emissions for regional modeling, Atmos. Env., 24A, 1107-1133, 1990.
• Piccot, S.D., J.J. Watson, and J.W. Jones. A global inventory of volatile organic compound emissions from anthropogenic sources, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9897-9912, 1992.
• Wang, Y., D.J. Jacob, and J.A. Logan, Global simulation of tropospheric O3-NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry, 1. Model formulation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, D9,10,713-10,726, 1998. PDF

Regional inventories

These inventories can be used to "overwrite" the global emissions inventories in specific regions of the world.

We recommend that you turn on the regional emissions (e.g. BRAVO, CAC, EPA/NEI05, EMEP, etc.), which will override the default underlying global emissions (e.g. EDGAR). To select these emissions inventories, you will have to modify the EMISSIONS MENU section of the input.geos input file. For detailed instructions, please see Section 5.2.1.5 of the GEOS-Chem Users' Guide.

Inventory	Base Year	Region	NOx	CO	PRPE	C3H8	ALK4	C2H6	ACET	MEK	ALD2	CH2O	SO2	SO4	NH3	BC/OC	Variability
CAC	2002,2005	Canada	x	x									x		x
EMEP	1980-2005	Europe	x	x	x		x	x		x	x		x			x	month (NOx,SOx,CO,NH3)
EPA (ICARTT)	1999 (2004)	USA	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x		month, weekday/weekend
VISTAS	2002	USA	x														month
BRAVO	1999	Mexico	x	x									x
STREETS 2000 (2004)	2000 (2004)	S.E. Asia	x	x									x		x		month (NOx,CO,NH3)
STREETS 2006	2006	S.E. Asia	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x				month (NOx,CO)
COOKE	1996	N. America														x	month

BRAVO

Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational (BRAVO) Study Emissions Inventory for Mexico and some neighboring U.S. states.

• Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational (BRAVO) Study Emissions Inventory, H. Kuhns, M. Green, and V. Etyemezian, 2003. PDF

CAC

The Criteria Air Contaminants (CAC) inventory is a regional inventory of anthropogenic emissions over Canada. For more information about the data files, please see this README file.

• Source data at Environment Canada

David Streets

There are 3 implementations of the David Streets inventory:

Streets 2000

This was the original inventory. See this paper for more information.

• Streets, D.G., T.C. Bond, G.R. Carmichael, S.D. Fernandes, Q. Fu, Z. Klimont, S.M. Nelson, N.Y. Tsai, M.Q. Wang, J-H. Woo, and K.F. Yarber, An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000, J. Geophys. Res, 108, D21, doi:10.1029/2002JD003093, 2003.

NOTE about NH3 emissions: This is the latest inventory available for anthropogenic ammonia (NH3) emissions over Asia. It does not include any seasonal cycle, which for NH3 results in overestimates in winter and underestimates in spring, due to the annual cycle of agricultural activity. We correct this by using the annual total from Streets 2000 but with superimposed monthly scale factors from a global inventory compiled by Marcel Meinders and Lex Bouwman. Their inventory has not been published, but applies seasonal variation based on the length of the growing season for fertilizer use and on temperature and wind speed for everything else. This fix will be standard in v9-01-02. For more information, see:

• Fisher, J.A., Jacob, D.J., Wang, Q., et al. Sources, distribution, and acidity of sulfate-ammonium aerosol in the Arctic in winter-spring, Atmos. Environ., 45: 7301-7318, 2011.

This update to NH3 emissions was tested in the 1-month benchmark simulation v9-01-02j and approved on 16 Aug 2011.

--Jenny Fisher 17:00, 20 January 2011 (EST)
--Bob Y. 16:47, 16 August 2011 (EDT)

Streets 2001

This inventory was issued to update under-estimated China CO in the Streets 2000. Therefore, this data set only covers China. For the rest of SE Asia, the Streets 2000 is used. See this reference for more information:

• Streets, D.G, Q. Zhang, L. Wang, K. He, J. Hao, Y. Wu, Y. Tang, and G.C. Carmichael, Revisiting China's CO emissions after the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) mission: Synthesis of inventories, atmospheric modeling, and observations, J. Geophys. Res, 111, D14306, doi:10.1029/2006JD007118, 2006.

Streets 2006

This is the most recent inventory. NOTE: Anthropogenic and biofuel emissions are lumped together, so when you use this in GEOS-Chem, you have to zero out the biofuel emissions. This is done in the streets_anthro_mod.f already.

The Streets 2006 inventory will be used by the code automatically for dates past Jan 1, 2006. You may also set the emissions base year to 2006 manually in the input.geos file.

See these references for more information:

• INTEX-B, http://mic.greenresource.cn/intex-b2006; or http://www.cgrer.uiowa.edu/EMISSION_DATA_new/index_16.html
• Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., He, K. B., Huo, H., Kannari, A., Klimont, Z., Park, I. S., Reddy, S., Fu, J. S., Chen, D., Duan, L., Lei, Y., Wang, L. T., and Yao, Z. L.: Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5131-5153, 2009.

Resolved issues

Double counting of Streets biofuel emissions

Please see this wiki post about a bug that was discovered in GEOS-Chem v9-01-01 that resulted in a double-counting of David Streets biofuel emissions over Asia. This was corrected in GEOS-Chem v9-01-02.

--Bob Y. 10:48, 18 February 2011 (EST)

Bug fix for Streets biofuel emissions

This update was tested in the 1-month benchmark simulation v9-01-02s and approved on 5 Nov 2011.

Currently, in biofuel_mod.F:

          IF ( LSTREETS .and. ( SIM_YEAR >= 2001 ) ) THEN

             ! If we are over the SE Asia region
             IF ( GET_SE_ASIA_MASK( I, J ) > 0d0 ) THEN

                BIOFUEL(N,I,J) = 0.d0

             ENDIF
          ENDIF

Chris Miller wrote:

This will zero every tracer that has biofuel emissions in the Streets region. However, Streets only covers the anthropogenic emissions of the following VOCs - ALK4, ALD2, PRPE, C3H8, C2H6, MEK, ACET and CH2O. Thus you should not zero the remaining VOC tracers.

--Melissa Payer 13:26, 21 October 2011 (EDT)

EMEP

The Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) inventory for Europe.

The EMEP inventory also includes emissions from ship exhaust.

NOTE: The EMEP emissions data have been extended to the year 2007 in GEOS-Chem v8-03-01 and higher versions.

References:

• Auvray, M., and I. Bey, Long-Range Transport to Europe: Seasonal Variations and Implications for the European Ozone Budget, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11303, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005503, 2005.
• Vestreng, V., and H. Klein (2002), Emission data reported to UNECE/EMEP: Quality assurance and trend analysis & Presentation of WebDab, MSC-W Status Report 2002, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo Norway, July 2002. PDF
• Vestreng et al., EMEP 2005 expert emissions, 2007. (need full citation!)

EPA/NEI05

Please visit our page for the EPA/NEI05 North American emissions.

EPA/NEI99

Please visit our page for the EPA/NEI99 North American emissions.

Annual scale factors for anthropogenic emissions inventories

Please see our new Scale factors for anthropogenic emissions wiki page for the latest information about scale factors for anthropogenic emissions inventories used in GEOS-Chem.

The " => Scale to (1985-2005)" option in input.geos will scale all anthropogenic emissions to the year that you select, unless data for that year exists. If you enter a negative number (recommended), emissions will be automatically scaled to the closest-to-simulation year and/or the best base year is selected when several are available in one inventory (like EMEP). It is recommended to set this field to -1 or 2006 for simulations after 2005, so that all inventories are scaled to 2005, and STREETS 2006 is used in SE ASIA.

Here is a brief explanation from van Donkelaar et al., ACPD, 8, 4017-4057, 2008:

We scale all regional and global inventories from their respective base year to 2003, the last year of available statistics, unless its base year is after 2003. Our approach follows Bey et al. (2001) and Park et al. (2004). Emissions are scaled according to estimates provided by individual countries, where available. These countries/regions include the United States, Canada, Japan and Europe. NOx emissions of remaining countries are scaled proportional to changes in total CO2 emissions. SOx emissions are similarly scaled to solid fuel CO2 emissions and CO emissions to liquid fuel CO2 emissions. CO2 emission data are obtained from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC).

Note that the scale factor have been updated since that paper to go up to 2005, and are based on REAS data now for South East Asia:

Relative changes in the REAS inventory (Ohara et al., ACP, [2007], http://www.jamstec.go.jp/frsgc/research/d4/reas_h_a.html) over East Asia have been used. This should be a good improvement as REAS emissions are gridded, rather than national scale emissions, giving us much better spatial detail. Also, these scalars are now based on actual NOx, SOx and CO emission estimates, not strictly an assumed proportionality between total, solid and liquid CO2 emissions.

Seasonal scale factors for anthropogenic emissions inventories

Seasonal scale factors are described on the Scale factors for anthropogenic emissions wiki page.

Diurnal variation for anthropogenic NOx emissions

The diurnal variation for NOx is described on the Scale factors for anthropogenic emissions wiki page.

Other resources

Please see the following references for more information about anthropogenic emissions in GEOS-Chem:

1. Anthropogenic emissions in GEOS-Chem v8-02-03
2. Anthropogenic emissions in GEOS-Chem v8-01-04
3. Anthropogenic emissions prior to v8-01-01

Known issues

Anthropogenic ethane emissions are too low

This update was tested in the 1-month benchmark simulation v9-01-03i and approved on 26 Mar 2012.

In addition to RETRO anthropogenic ethane emissions being too low, Emily Fischer found that ethane emissions in the EPA/NEI2005, Streets, and EMEP regional inventories are also too low. Therefore, these regional ethane emissions should not overwrite the global anthropogenic ethane emissions provided by Yaping Xiao. This update is slated for implementation into GEOS-Chem v9-01-03, as part of the update to replace RETRO C2H6 emissions with emissions from the offline C2H6 simulation.

--Melissa Payer 13:51, 23 March 2012 (EDT)