Updating standard chemistry with JPL 10-6

This page is intended to incorporate the latest version of JPL chemical kinetics (June 15, 2011) into GC standard chemistry.

This update was included in GEOS-Chem v9-02f (accepted 07 Feb 2013).

Standard Chemistry

For Consideration

This update was tested in the 1-month benchmark simulation v9-02f and approved on 07 Feb 2013.

Below is a list of reactions that are being updated based on the JPL 10-6 document. Note that the temperature sensitivity value, E/R, is entered following JPL format, so the sign is opposite of the GEOS-Chem format. The updates will be tested in the benchmark before they are recommended by the working group.

Reaction	A	E/R	Description
HO2 + HO2 -> H2O2 + O2	3.0e–13	-460	Updated rate
HO2 + HO2 + M -> H2O2 + O2	2.1e-33	-920	Updated rate
HO2 + HO2-H2O -> products	5.4e–11	410	Not directly used; this is a reaction that explains the water enhancement used in calcrate.f
HO2 + NO -> NO2 + OH	3.3e-12	-270	Update rate
ISOP + NO3 -> products	3.3e-12	450	Updated rate, assuming products do not change
ISOP + OH -> products	3.1e-11	-350	Updated rate, assuming products do not change
ISOP + O3 -> products	1e-14	1970	Updated rate, assuming products do not change
ALD2 + OH -> products	4.63e-12	-350	Updated rate, assuming products do not change
C2H6 + OH -> products	7.66e-12	1020	Updated rate, assuming products do not change
DMS + OH -> products	1.2e-11	280	Updated rate, assuming products do not change
DMS + OH + O2 -> products	8.20E-39 and 1.05E-05	-5376 and -3644	Updated rate, assuming products do not change (E/R values in comment are plus, but to be consistent with JPL tables, I entered them here as negative. This reaction also had an update to the parametrization. Was: 1 + A * [O2] exp(-(E/R)T); Now: 1 + A * [O2]/[M] * exp(-(E/R)/T) where [O2]/[M] = 0.2095.
DMS + NO3 -> products	1.9e-13	-530	Updated rate, assuming products do not change
O3 + hv -> OH + HO2	jO3 * 1.2e-10 / k1O1D	0	This reaction was added to account for the reaction of O1D with H2, which was previously not explicitly included. k1O1D is the pseudo-first order rate of O1D reaction with H2, H2O, O2, and N2. Because H2 was previously left out of k1O1D, ozone photolysis was producing extra OH and the radical budget was mostly conserved.
O3 + hv -> OH + OH	jO3 * 1.63e-10 * exp(60/T) / k1O1D	0	The addition of H2 to k1O1D reduces this reaction rate.
O1D -> products	k1O1D	0	This reaction is included in stead-state photolysis of O3, and is not added to the mechanism. This entry has been added to the table as a place to describe k1O1D = 1.2e-10 * [H2] + 1.63e-10 * exp(60/T) * [H2O] + 2.15e-11 * exp(110/T) * [N2] + 3.30e-11 * exp(55/T) * [O2]
EOH + OH -> products	3.35e-12	n/a	Updated rate, assuming products do not change
ACTA + OH -> products	3.15e-14	920	Updated rate, assuming products do not change

--Barron Henderson 2011/07/12

Mat Evans comments:

Great work Jingqiu. We should updating all of these for a GC update. We should also think about changing the safety value (if any of the input parameters <= 0) in the ARSL1K routine to be 1e-30 rather than 1e-3

O1D+H2: Yep we should put this into the O1D steady state. This should be easy

Didn't the DMS + NO3 and the DMS + OH reaction rates change? The DMS scheme in the model is fairly old. We might want to see if anybody is looking at this....

I'll contact Stan Sander and ask why the NO2+OH rate constant wasn't updated to the science paper version?

Evaluation

Reaction	old	new	compare
HO2+HO2	K1=3.50E-13 exp(430/T); K2=1.70E-33 [M]exp(1000/T); K = (K1 + K2)*(1+1.4E-21*[H2O]*EXP(2200/T)	K1=3.00E-13 exp(460/T); K2=2.10E-33 [M]exp(920/T); K = (K1 + K2)*(1+1.4E-21*[H2O]*EXP(2200/T))	water enhancement factor is not shown here as it doesn't change from JPL06 to JPL11
HO2+NO	3.50E-12 exp(250/T)	3.3e-12 exp(270/T)
ISOP+OH	2.7E-11exp(390/T)	3.1E-11exp(350/T)
ISOP+NO3	3.15E-12 exp(-450/T)	3.3E-12exp(-450/T)
ISOP+O3	1.05E-14 exp(-2000/T)	1.0E-14exp(-1970/T)
ALD2+OH	4.4 E-12exp(365/T)	4.63E-12exp(350/T)
C2H6+OH	8.7E-12 exp(-1070/T)	7.66E-12exp(-1020/T)
EOH+OH	6.90E-12exp(-230/T)	3.35e-12
ACTA+OH	4.20E-14exp(855/T)	3.15e-14exp(920/T)
O1D+H2	N/A	([O1D]*[H2]+[O1D]*[H2O]) / ([O1D]*[H2]+[O1D]*[H2O]+[O1D][N2]+[O1D][O2])	Here I assume 0.1% RH and 500ppb H2.
DMS+OH	1.1E-11exp(-240/T)	1.2E-11exp(-280/T)
DMS+OH+O2	K1=1.0E-39exp(5820/T); K2=5.0E-30exp(6280/T); K=K1*[O2]/(1.0+K2*[O2])	K1=8.2E-39exp(5376/T); K2=1.05E-5exp(3644/T); K=K1*[O2]/(1.0+K2*0.2095)
DMS+NO3	1.90E-13 exp(500/T)	1.90E-13 exp(530/T)

Notes: 1. DMS+OH+O2 is quite different in JPL11.

2. The changes in HO2+HO2 and HO2+NO might be responsible for the increase of ozone.

--Jmao 17:40, 14 July 2011 (EDT)

current standard chemistry

Species

Species	Formula	Note
A3O2	CH3CH2CH2OO	primary RO2 from C3H8
ACET	CH3C(O)CH3	acetone
ACTA	CH3C(O)OH	acetic acid
ALD2	CH3CHO	acetaldehyde
ALK4	RH	≥C4 alkanes
ATO2	CH3C(O)CH2O2	RO2 from acetone
B3O2	CH3CH(OO)CH3	secondary RO2 from C3H8
C2H6	C2H6	ethane
C3H8	C3H8	propane
CH2O	CH2O	formaldehyde
CH4	CH4	methane
CO	CO	carbon monoxide
CO2	CO2	carbon dioxide
DRYDEP		generic entry for dry dep
EMISSION		generic entry to do emissions
EOH	C2H5OH	ethanol
ETO2	CH3CH2OO	ethylperoxy radical
ETP	CH3CH2OOH	ethylhydroperoxide
GLYC	HOCH2CHO	glycoaldehyde (hydroxyacetaldehyde)
GLYX	CHOCHO	glyoxal
H2	H2	hydrogen atom
H2O	H2O	water vapor
H2O2	H2O2	hydrogen peroxide
HAC	HOCH2C(O)CH3	hydroxyacetone
HCOOH	HCOOH	formic acid
HNO2	HONO	nitrous acid
HNO3	HNO3	nitric acid
HNO4	HNO4	pernitric acid
HO2	HO2	hydroperoxyl radical
IALD	HOCH2C(CH3)=CHCHO	hydroxy carbonyl alkenes from isoprene
IAP	HOCH2C(CH3)(OOH)CH(OH)CHO	peroxide from IAO2
INO2	O2NOCH2C(OO)(CH3)CH=CH2	RO2 from ISOP+NO3
INPN	O2NOCH2C(OOH)(CH3)CH=CH2	peroxide from INO2
ISN2	CH2=C(CH3)CH(ONO2)CH2OH	isoprene nitrtate
ISNO3	RONO2	stable organic nitrate
ISNP	HOCH2C(OOH)(CH3)CH(ONO2)CH2OH	peroxide from ISOPNBO2 and ISOPNDO2
ISOP	CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2	isoprene
KO2	RO2 from >3 ketones	RO2 from >3 ketones
M		for three body reactions
MACR	CH2=C(CH3)CHO	methacrolein
MAN2	HOCH2C(ONO2)(CH3)CHO	RO2 from MACR+NO3
MAO3	CH2=C(CH3)C(O)OO	peroxyacyl from MVK and MACR
MAOP	CH2=C(CH3)C(O)OOH	peroxide from MAO3
MAP	CH3C(O)OOH	peroxyacetic acid
MCO3	CH3C(O)OO	peroxyacetyl radical
MEK	RC(O)R	>3 ketones
MGLY	CH3COCHO	methylglyoxyal
MNO3	CH3ONO2	methylnitrate
MO2	CH3O2	methylperoxy radical
MOH	CH3OH	methanol
MP	CH3OOH	methylhydroperoxide
MRO2	HOCH2C(OO)(CH3)CHO	RO2 from MACR+OH
MRP	HOCH2C(OOH)(CH3)CHO	peroxide from MRO2
MVK	CH2=CHC(O)CH3	methylvinylketone
N2	N2	nitrogen
N2O	N2O	nitrous oxide
N2O5	N2O5	dinitrogen pentoxide
NH2	NH2	ammonia radical
NH3	NH3	ammonia
NO	NO	nitric oxide
NO2	NO2	nitrogen dioxide
NO3	NO3	nitrate radical
O	O	oxygen atom (3P)
O1D	O1D	oxygen atom (1D)
O2	O2	molecular oxygen
O2CH2OH	O2CH2OH	produced by CH2O+HO2
O3	O3	ozone
OH	OH	hydroxyl radical
PAN	CH3C(O)OONO2	peroxyacetylnitrate
PMN	CH2=C(CH3)C(O)OONO2	peroxymethacryloyl nitrate (MPAN)
PO2	HOCH2CH(OO)CH3	RO2 from isoprene
PP	HOCH2CH(OOH)CH3	peroxide from PO2
PPN	CH3CH2C(O)OONO2	peroxypropionylnitrate
PRN1	O2NOCH2CH(OO)CH3	RO2 from propene + NO3
PRPE	C3H6	≥C3 alkenes
PRPN	O2NOCH2CH(OOH)CH3	peroxide from PRN1
R4N1	RO2 from R4N2	RO2 from R4N2
R4N2	RO2NO	≥C4 alkylnitrates
R4O2	RO2 from ALK4	RO2 from ALK4
R4P	CH3CH2CH2CH2OOH	peroxide from R4O2
RA3P	CH3CH2CH2OOH	peroxide from A3O2
RB3P	CH3CH(OOH)CH3	peroxide from B3O2
RCHO	CH3CH2CHO	>C2 aldehydes
RCO3	CH3CH2C(O)OO	peroxypropionyl radical
RCOOH	C2H5C(O)OH	>C2 organic acids
RIO1	HOCH2C(OO)(CH3)CH=CHOH	RO2 from isoprene oxidation products
RIO2	HOCH2C(OO)(CH3)CH=CH2	RO2 from isoprene
RIP	HOCH2C(OOH)(CH3)CH=CH2	peroxide from RIO2
ROH	C3H7OH	>C2 alcohols
RP	CH3CH2C(O)OOH	peroxide from RCO3
VRO2	HOCH2CH(OO)C(O)CH3	RO2 from MVK+OH
VRP	HOCH2CH(OOH)C(O)CH3	peroxide from VRO2
DMS	(CH3)2S	dimethylsulfide
SO2	SO2	sulfur dioxide
SO4	SO4	sulfate radical
MSA	CH4SO3	methanesulfonic acid

Reactions

No	Reaction	Rate Constant	Reference	Note
1	NO + O3 = NO2 + O2	3.00E-12 exp(-1500/T)	JPL06
2	O3+OH = HO2+O2	1.70E-12 exp(-940/T)	JPL06
3	O3+HO2 = OH+2O2	1.00E-14 exp(-490/T)	JPL06
4	O3+NO2 = O2+NO3	1.20E-13 exp(-2450/T)	JPL06
5	O3+MO2 = CH2O+HO2+2O2	2.90E-16 exp(-1000/T)	JPL06
6	OH+OH = H2O+O3	1.8E-12	JPL06	JMAO
7	OH+OH+M = H2O2	LPL: 6.9E-31(300/T); HPL: 2.60E-11; Fc:0.6	JPL06	JMAO
8	OH+HO2 = H2O + O2	4.80E-11 exp (250/T)	JPL06	JMAO
9	OH+H2O2 = H2O + HO2	1.8E-12	JPL06	JMAO
10	HO2+NO = OH + NO2	3.50E-12 exp(250/T)	JPL06
11	HO2+HO2 = H2O2 HO2+HO2+M=H2O2	K1=3.50E-13 exp(430/T); K2=1.70E-33 [M]exp(1000/T); K = (K1 + K2)*(1+1.4E-21*[H2O]*EXP(2200/T)	JPL06	JMAO
12	OH+H2 = H2O + HO2	2.80E-12 exp(-1800/T)	JPL06	JMAO
13	CO+OH = HOCO	LPL: 5.9E-33(300/T)^1.4; HPL:1.1E-12(300/T)^-1.3; Fc:0.6	JPL06	JMAO(in calcrate.f) Ignore the intermediate species HOCO and use two 3-body reactions
	HOCO + O2= HO2 + CO2	2.00E-12	JPL06
	CO+OH=HO2+CO2 (different formula)	LPL: 1.5E-13(300/T)^-0.6; HPL:2.10E9(300/T)^-6.1; Fc:0.6	JPL06
14	OH+ CH4 = MO2+H2O	2.45E-12exp(–1775/T)	JPL06	JMAO:could also be 2.8E-14T^0.667 exp(–1575/T)
15	MO2+NO =CH2O+HO2+NO2	2.80E-12 exp(300/T)	JPL06
16	MO2+HO2 = MP+O2	4.1E-13 exp(750/T)	JPL06	JMAO
17	MO2+HO2 = CH2O + O2	N/A	JPL06(P1-59,D35)	JMAO:Not recommended in JPL06
18	MO2+MO2 =MOH+CH2O+O2	K1=9.5E-14 exp(390/T); K2=2.62E+1 exp(-1130/T); K=K1 / (1+K2)	Tyndall 2001
19	MO2+MO2 = 2CH2O + 2HO2	K1=9.5E-14 exp(390/T); K2=4.00E-02exp(1130/T); K=K1 / (1+K2)	Tyndall 2001
20	MP+OH = MO2+H2O	2.66E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL06
21	MP+OH = CH2O+OH+H2O	1.14E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL06
22	CH2O+OH = HCO +H2O	5.5E-12 exp(125/T)	JPL06	JMAO(use the first rate)
	HCO + O2 = CO + HO2	5.2E-12	JPL06
23	OH + NO2 + M = HONO2	LPL: 1.80E-30(300/T)^3; HPL:2.80E-11(300/T)^0; Fc:0.6	JPL06	JMAO: Ignore the HOONO channel for now.
	OH + NO2 + M=HOONO	LPL:9.10E-32(300/T)^3.9 ; HPL:4.20E-11(300/T)^0.5; Fc:0.6	JPL06
24	HNO3+OH = H2O+NO3	K0=2.41E-14 exp(460/T); K2=2.69E-17exp(2199/T); K3=6.51E-34exp(1335/T); K = K0 + K3[M] / (1 + K3[M]/K2)	JPL06
25	NO+OH+M = HNO2+M	LPL: 7.00E-31(300/T)^2.6; HPL: 3.60E-11(300/T)^0.1; Fc: 0.6	JPL06
26	HNO2+OH = H2O+NO2	1.80E-11 exp(-390/T)	JPL06
27	HO2+NO2+M = HNO4+M	LPL: 2.0E-31(300/T)^3.4; HPL:2.9E-12(300/T)^1.1; Fc= 0.6	JPL06	JMAO
28	HNO4+M = HO2+NO2	LPL: 9.52E-5(300/T)^3.4* exp(-10900/T); HPL:1.38E+15*(300/T)^1.1*exp(-10900/T); Fc=0.6	JPL06	JMAO:K=forward rxn/Keq; Keq=2.1E-27exp(10900/T);
29	HNO4+OH = H2O+NO2+O2	1.30E-12 exp(380/T)	JPL06
30	NO+NO3=2NO2	1.50E-11 exp(170/T)	JPL06
31	HO2+NO3 = OH+NO2+O2	3.50E-12	JPL06
32	OH+NO3 = HO2+NO2	2.20E-11	JPL06
33	NO2+NO3+M = N2O5+M	LPL: 2.0E-30(300/T)^4.4; HPL:1.4E-12(300/T)^0.7; Fc=0.6	JPL06
34	N2O5+M = NO2+NO3	LPL: 7.4E-4(300/T)^4.4* exp(-11000/T); HPL:5.18E+14*(300/T)^0.7*exp(-11000/T); Fc=0.6	JPL06	JMAO :K=forwardrxn/ Keq; Keq = 2.70E-27exp(11000/T);
35	HCOOH+OH =H2O+CO2+HO2	4.00E-13	JPL06
36	MOH+OH = HO2+CH2O	2.9E-12 exp(-345/T)	JPL06
37	NO2+NO3 = NO+NO2+O2	4.50E-14 exp(-1260/T)	JPL06
38	NO3+CH2O = HNO3+HO2+CO	5.80E-16	JPL06
39	ALD2 + OH=H2O + 0.95 MCO3 + 0.05 CH2O + 0.05 CO + 0.05 HO2	4.4 E-12exp(365/T)	IUPAC06	DBM (cannot find this reaction from JPL06)
40	ALD2+NO3 = HNO3+MCO3	1.40E-12 exp(-1900/T)	JPL06	JMAO
41	MCO3+NO2+M = PAN	LPL: 9.70E-29(300/T)^5.6; HPL:9.3E-12(300/T)^1.5; Fc: 0.6	JPL06	JMAO
42	PAN = MCO3+NO2	9.30E-29 exp(14000/T)	IUPAC06	equilibrium with the one above
43	MCO3+NO = MO2+NO2+CO2	8.10E-12 exp(270/T)	JPL06
44	C2H6+OH = ETO2+H2O	8.7E-12 exp(-1070/T)	JPL06
45	ETO2+NO =ALD2+NO2+HO2	2.60E-12 exp(365/T)	JPL06	JMAO
46	C3H8+OH = B3O2	K1=7.60e-12 exp(-585/T); K2=5.87*(300/T)^0.64exp(-816/T); K=K1 / (1+K2)	IUPAC06	JMAO
	C3H8+OH = A3O2	K1=7.60E-12 exp(-585/T); K2= 0.17*(300/T)^-0.64exp(816/T); K=K1 / (1+K2)	IUPAC06	JMAO
47	A3O2+NO = NO2 + HO2 + RCHO	2.90E-12 exp(350/T)	IUPAC06	JMAO
48	PO2+NO = NO2+HO2+CH2O+ALD2	2.70E-12 exp(350/T)	Tyndall 2001 JGR
49	ALK4+OH = R4O2	9.10E-12 exp(-405/T)	IUPAC06
50	R4O2+NO = NO2 +0.32ACET + 0.19MEK +0.18MO2 + 0.27HO2 +0.32ALD2 + 0.13RCHO +0.50A3O2 + 0.18B3O2 + 0.32ETO2	K* (1-YN) where YN isreturned from fyrno3.f; K=2.7E-12 exp(350/T) (Xcarbn=4.50E00)	Atkinson 97	A3O2 is 0.05 in the input file(Palmer)
51	R4O2+NO = R4N2	K* YN where YN is returned from fyrno3.f; K=2.7E-12 exp(350/T) (Xcarbn=4.50E00)	Atkinson97
52	ATO2+NO = 0.96NO2 + 0.960CH2O +0.960MCO3 + 0.04R4N2	2.80E-12 exp(300/T)	Tyndall
53	KO2+NO = 0.93NO2+ 0.93ALD2 +0.93MCO3 + 0.07R4N2	2.70E-12 exp(350/T)	Tyndall ETO2+NO	JMAO: there was a typo in last version, no yield of NO. (Bryan Duncan).
54	RIO2 + NO = 0.90NO2 + 0.90HO2 + 0.34IALD + 0.34MVK + 0.22MACR + 0.56CH2O	2.7E-12 exp(350/T)	MCM3.1	DBM(MCM 3.1), this reaction was recently modified to turn off the other channel.
56	IAO2+NO = 0.92HO2 + 0.61CO + 0.17H2 + 0.33HAC + 0.24GLYC + 0.53MGLY + 0.92NO2 + 0.35CH2O + 0.08HNO3	2.7E-12 exp(350/T)	Tyndall ETO2+NO
57	ISN1+NO = 1.9NO2+0.95GLYC+0.95HAC +0.05HNO3+0.05NO2+0.05HO2	2.7E-12 exp(350/T)	Tyndall ETO2+NO; Paulson&Seinfeld 1992 HO2 term(Palmer, JMAO)
58	VRO2+NO = NO2+0.28HO2+0.28CH2O+0.72MCO3+0.72GLYC+0.28MGLY	K* (1-YN) where YN is returned from fyrno3.f; K=2.7E-12 exp(350/T) (Xcarbn=4.00E00)	Atkinson 97
59	VRO2+NO = HNO3	K* YN where YN is returned from fyrno3.f ;K=2.7E-12 exp(350/T) (Xcarbn=4.00E00)	Atkinson 97
60	MRO2 + NO = NO2 + HAC + CH2O + HO2	K* (1-YN) where YN is returned from fyrno3.f K=2.7E-12 exp(350/T) (Xcarbn=4.00E00)	DBM(MCM 3.1)
61	MRO2+NO = HNO3	K* YN where YN is returned from fyrno3.f; K=2.7E-12 exp(350/T) (Xcarbn=4.00E00)	Atkinson 97
62	MVN2+NO = 1.90NO2 +0.30HO2+0.30CH2O+0.60MCO3+0.60GLYC+0.30MGLY+0.10HNO3	2.7E-12 exp(350/T)
63	MAN2+NO = 2NO2+CH2O+MGLY	2.7E-12 exp(350/T)	Tyndall ETO2+NO
64	B3O2+NO = NO2+HO2+ACET	2.7E-12 exp(350/T)
65	INO2+NO = 1.10NO2+0.80HO2+0.85HNO3+0.05NO2+0.10MACR+0.15CH2O+0.05MVK	2.7E-12 exp(350/T)	Tyndall ETO2+NO
66	PRN1+NO = 2NO2+CH2O+ALD2	2.7E-12 exp(350/T)	Tyndall ETO2+NO
67	ALK4+NO3 = HNO3 + R4O2	2.8E-12 exp(-3280/T)	IUPAC02
68	R4N2+OH = R4N1+H2O	1.6E-12	IUPAC06	JMAO: use the one from HO + 1-C4H9ONO2 → products
69	ACTA+OH = MO2+CO2++H2O	4.20E-14 exp(855/T)	IUPAC06	JMAO
70	OH+RCHO= RCO3+H2O	6.0E-12exp(410/T)	IUPAC06	JMAO: use the one from HO + CH3CH2CH2CHO → products
71	RCO3+NO2 = PPN	LPL: 9.00E-28(300/T)^8.9; HPL:7.70E-12(300/T)^0.2; Fc: 0.6	JPL06
72	PPN = RCO3+NO2	9e-29*exp(14000/T)	JPL06
73	MAO3+NO2 = PMN	LPL: 9.00E-28(300/T)^8.9; HPL:7.70E-12(300/T)^0.2; Fc: 0.6	JPL06
74	PMN = MAO3+NO2	9e-29*exp(14000/T)	JPL06	same as PPN
75	GLCO3+NO2 = GLPAN	LPL: 9.00E-28(300/T)^8.9; HPL:7.70E-12(300/T)^0.2; Fc: 0.6	JPL06	same as PPN
76	GLPAN = GLCO3+NO2	9e-29*exp(14000/T)	JPL02 PPN
77	GCO3+NO2 = GPAN	LPL: 9.00E-28(300/T)^8.9; HPL:7.70E-12(300/T)^0.2; Fc: 0.6	JPL02 Same as PPN
78	GPAN = GCO3+NO2N	9e-29*exp(14000/T)	JPL02 PPN
79	RCO3+NO = NO2+ETO2	6.70E-12 exp(340/T)	IUPAC06 C2H5CO3+NO
80	GCO3+NO = NO2+HO2 +CH2O	6.70E-12 exp(340/T)	IUPAC06 C2H5CO3+NO
81	GLCO3+NO = NO2+HO2+CO	6.70E-12 exp(340/T)	IUPAC06 C2H5CO3+NO
82	RCHO+NO3 = HNO3 +RCO3	6.5E-15	IUPAC06	use the one from NO3+C2H5CHO → HNO3 + C2H5CO
83	ACET+OH = ATO2 + H2O	1.33E-13+ 3.82E-11 exp(-2000/T)	JPL 06	JMAO:Implemented as 2 reactions
84	A3O2+MO2 = HO2 +0.75CH2O+0.75RCHO+0.25MOH + 0.25ROH	5.92E-13	Tyndall RateMO2+MO2 Atkinson97RO2+RO2	K(RO2+MO2) = 2*sqrt(k(MO2+MO2)*k(RO2+RO2))
85	PO2+MO2 = HO2 + 0.5ALD2+1.25CH2O +0.16HAC + 0.09RCHO +0.25MOH + 0.25ROH	5.92E-13	Tyndall RateMO2+MO2 Atkinson97RO2+RO2
86	R4O2+HO2 = R4P	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall
87	R4N1+HO2 = R4N2	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall
88	ATO2+HO2 = MCO3 + MO2	8.60E-13 exp(700/T)
89	KO2+HO2 = MO2 + MGLY	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall	Tyndall forms CH3C(O)CH2OOH ,this must then split and go to MCO3+MO2, the products in chem..dat ??
90	RIO2+HO2 = RIP	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall
91	RIO1+HO2 = RIP	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall
92	IAO2 + HO2 = IAP	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall
93	ISN1+HO2 = ISNP	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall
94	VRO2+HO2 = VRP	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall
95	MRO2+HO2 = MRP	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall
96	MVN2 + HO2 = ISNP	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall
97	MAN2 + HO2 = ISNP	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall
98	B3O2+HO2 = RB3P	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall
99	INO2 + HO2 = INPN	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall
100	PRN1 + HO2 = PRPN	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall
101	MEK+OH = KO2+H2O	1.3 E-12exp(-25/T)	IUPAC06	JMAO
102	MO2+ETO2 = 0.75CH2O+0.75ALD2+HO2+0.25MOH+0.25EOH	3.00E-13	Horowitz 98, Atkinson 92& 94
103	MEK+NO3 = HNO3+ KO2	8.00E-16	Lurmann et al. 1986
104	R4O2+MO2 = 0.16ACET+0.10MEK+0.09MO2+0.14HO2+0.16ALD2 +0.07RCHO+0.03A3O2 +0.09B3O2+0.16ETO2+0.25MEK+0.75CH2O+0.25MOH+0.25ROH+0.50HO2	8.37E-14	Tyndall MO2+MO2 Atkinson97 RO2+RO2 (See note 11 below)
105	R4N1+MO2 = NO2+0.20CH2O+0.38ALD2 + 0.29RCHO+0.15R4O2+ 0.25RCHO+0.75CH2O+0.25MOH+0.25ROH+0.50HO2	8.37E-14	Tyndall MO2+MO2 Atkinson97 RO2+RO2 (See note 11 below)
106	ATO2+MO2 = 0.30HO2+0.30CH20+0.30MCO3+0.20HAC+0.20CH2O+0.50MGLY+0.50MOH	7.5E-13 exp(500/T)	Tyndall,2001
107	KO2+MO2 = 0.5ALD2 +0.50MCO3+0.25MEK+0.75CH2O+0.25MOH+0.25ROH+0.5HO2	8.37E-14
108	RIO2+MO2 = 0.42HO2 +0.35CH2O+0.2MVK +0.14MACR + 0.07RIO1 +0.06IALD+0.25MEK+0.75CH2O+0.25MOH+0.25ROH + 0.5HO2	8.37E-14	Tyndall MO2+MO2 Atkinson97 RO2+RO2 (See note 11 below)	HO2 term is 0.43 in input file, need to be changed back to 0.42(Palmer, JMAO)
109	RIO1+MO2 = 0.50IALD+0.50HO2+0.38CH2O+0.25MEK+0.75CH2O+0.25MOH+0.25ROH+ 0.5HO2	8.37E-14	Tyndall MO2+MO2 Atkinson97 RO2+RO2 (See note 11 below)
110	IAO2+MO2 = 0.50HO2 + 0.33CO + 0.09H2 + 0.18HAC + 0.13GLYC + 0.29MGLY + 0.25MEK + 0.95CH2O + 0.25MOH + 0.25ROH + 0.5HO2	8.37E-14	Tyndall MO2+MO2 Atkinson97 RO2+RO2 (See note 11 below)
111	ISN1+MO2 = NO2+0.50GLYC+0.50HAC+0.25RCHO+0.75CH2O+0.25MOH+ 0.25ROH+0.50HO2	8.37E-14	Tyndall MO2+MO2 Atkinson97 RO2+RO2 (See note 11 below)
112	VRO2+MO2 = 0.14HO2 + 0.14CH2O + 0.36MCO3 + 0.36GLYC + 0.14MGLY + 0.25MEK + 0.75CH2O + 0.25MOH + 0.25ROH + 0.50HO2	8.37E-14	Tyndall MO2+MO2 Atkinson97 RO2+RO2 (See note 11 below)
113	MRO2 + MO2 = HAC + 0.85CH2O + 1.15HO2 + 0.15CO	8.37E-14	DBM(MCM 3.1)
114	MVN2+MO2 = NO2+0.50CH2O+0.25MCO3 +0.25MGLY+0.25HO2+0.25RCHO+0.75CH2O+0.25MOH+0.25ROH+0.50HO2	8.37E-14	Tyndall MO2+MO2 Atkinson97 RO2+RO2 (See note 11 below)
115	MAN2+MO2= NO2+0.50CH2O+0.50MGLY+0.25RCHO+0.75CH2O+0.25MOH+0.25ROH+0.50HO2	8.37E-14	Tyndall MO2+MO2 Atkinson97 RO2+RO2 (See note 11 below)
116	B3O2+MO2 = 0.50HO2+0.50ACET+0.25ACET +0.75CH2O+0.25MOH+0.25ROH+0.50HO2	8.37E-14	Tyndall MO2+MO2 Atkinson97 RO2+RO2 (See note 11 below)
117	INO2+MO2 = 0.55NO2 + 0.40HO2 + 0.425HNO3 + 0.025NO2 + 0.05MACR + 0.08CH2O + 0.03MVK + 0.25RCHO + 0.75CH2O + 0.25MOH + 0.25ROH + 0.05HO2	8.37E-14	Tyndall MO2+MO2 Atkinson97 RO2+RO2 (See note 11 below)	NISOPO2(in MCM), HO2 term is 0.5 in the input file, need to be fixed. (Palmer, JMAO)
118	PRN1+MO2 = NO2+0.50CH2O+ 0.50ALD2+0.25RCHO+0.75CH2O+0.25MOH+0.25ROH+0.50HO2	8.37E-14	Tyndall MO2+MO2 Atkinson97 RO2+RO2 (See note 11 below)
119	EOH+OH = HO2+ALD2	6.90E-12 exp(-230/T)	JPL02
120	ROH+OH = HO2+RCHO	4.6E-12 exp(70/T)	IUPAC06	not in JPL06
121	ETO2+ETO2 = 2ALD2 +2HO2	4.10E-14	JPL06
122	ETO2+ETO2 = EOH + ALD2	2.70E-14	JPL06
123	HO2+ETO2 = ETP	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall (see note 4)
124	A3O2+HO2 = RA3P	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall
125	PO2+HO2 = PP	7.40E-13 exp(700/T)	Tyndall
126	MCO3 + HO2 = 0.15 ACTA + 0.15 O3 + 0.44 OH + 0.44 MO2 + 0.41 MAP	5.2e-13exp(980/T)	IUPAC(Feb2009)	DBM
128	RCO3+HO2=0.3RCOOH+0.3O3+ 0.7RP	4.30E-13 exp(1040/T)
129	GCO3 + HO2 = 0.71GP + 0.29O3 + 0.29CH2O	4.30E-13 exp(1040/T)	DBM(MCM 3.1)
130	MAO3+HO2=0.3RCOOH+0.3O3 + 0.7MAOP	4.30E-13 exp(1040/T)
131	GLCO3+HO2=0.3RCOOH+0.3O3+0.7GLP	4.30E-13 exp(1040/T)
132	PRPE+OH+M = PO2	LPL: 8.00E-27(300/T)^3.5;HPL:3.00E-11(300/T); Fc: 0.5	IUPAC06	JMAO
133	PRPE+O3 = 0.535CH2O+0.500ALD2+0.420CO+0.300HO2+0.135OH+0.065H2+0.305MO2	5.50E-15 exp(-1880/T)	IUPAC06	JMAO
134	GLYX+OH = HO2+2CO	1.1E-11	IUPAC06	Already updated
135	MGLY+OH = MCO3+CO	1.50E-11	IUPAC06	JMAO
136	GLYX+NO3 = HNO3 + HO2+ 2CO	K1=1.40E-12exp(-1860/T); K=K1*([O2]+3.5D18)/(2*[O2]+3.5D18);	Atkinson92&94, (ALD2)
137	MGLY+NO3 = HNO3 + CO +MCO3	1.40E-12 exp(-1860/T)	Atkinson92&94, (ALD2)/IUPAC06
138	ISOP+OH = RIO2	2.70E-11 exp(390/T)	IUPAC06
139	MVK+OH = VRO2	2.6e-12exp(610/T)	IUPAC06	JMAO
140	MACR + OH = 0.57MAO3 + 0.43MRO2	8.0E-12exp(380/T)	IUPAC06	JMAO,DBM(MCM3.1)
141	HAC+OH = MGLY+HO2	3E-12	Atkinson 92,94/IUPAC06
142	MCO3+A3O2 = MO2+RCHO+HO2	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)		T dep & B.R.Tyndall K298Villenave 98 See Note 12
143	MCO3+PO2 = MO2 +ALD2+CH2O+HO2	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)		T dep & B.R.Tyndall K298Villenave 98 See Note 12
144	MCO3+A3O2 = ACTA +RCHO	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)		T dep & B.R.Tyndall K298Villenave 98 See Note 12
145	MCO3+PO2 = ACTA + 0.35RCHO+0.65HAC	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)		T dep & B.R.Tyndall K298Villenave 98 See Note 12
146	ISOP+O3 = 0.387MACR + 0.159MVK + 0.100O3 + 0.270OH + 0.070PRPE + 0.900CH2O + 0.060HO2 + 0.150CO2 + 0.050CO	1.05E-14 exp(-2000/T)	Paulson &Seinfeld, 92 Aschmann &Atkinson, 94
147	MVK+O3 = 0.82MGLY+ 0.80CH2O+0.20O2+0.05CO+0.06HO2+ 0.04ALD2	8.5 E-16exp(-1520/T)	IUPAC06	0.20O2->0.20O3(Palmer, JMAO, according to Paulson & Seinfeld 92) Note 12
148	MACR+O3 = 0.800MGLY +0.700CH2O+0.200O3+0.200CO+0.275HO2+0.215OH+0.160CO2	1.4 E-15exp(-2100/T)	IUPAC06	JMAO
149	ISOP+NO3 = INO2	3.15E-12 exp(-450/T)	IUPAC06	JMAO
150	MVK+NO3 = MVN2	REMOVED (<6E-16,IUPAC06)	IUPAC06	JMAO
151	MACR+NO3 = MAN2	2.3E-15	IUPAC06	JMAO
152	MACR+NO3 = MAO3+HNO3	1.1E-15	IUPAC06	JMAO:IUPAC06 total rate is 3.4E-15, so use the ratio from Lurmann et al.,1986
153	RCO3+MO2 = CH2O+HO2+ETO2	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)		T dep & B.R.Tyndall K298Villenave 98 See note 12
154	GCO3+MO2 = 2CH2O +2HO2	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)		T dep & B.R.Tyndall K298Villenave 98 See note 12
155	MAO3+MO2 = CH2O+HO2+CH2O+MCO3	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)		T dep & B.R.Tyndall K298Villenave 98 See note 12
156	GLCO3+MO2 = CH2O +2HO2+CO	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)		T dep & B.R.Tyndall K298Villenave 98 See note 12
157	RCO3+MO2 = RCOOH +CH2O	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)		T dep & B.R.Tyndall K298Villenave 98 See note 12
158	GCO3+MO2 = RCOOH + CH2O	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)		T dep & B.R.Tyndall K298Villenave 98 See note 12
159	MAO3+MO2 = RCOOH + CH2O	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)		T dep & B.R.Tyndall K298Villenave 98 See note 12
160	GLCO3+MO2 = RCOOH + CH2O	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)		T dep & B.R.Tyndall K298Villenave 98 See note 12
161	INPN+OH = INO2	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	DeMore,reported in Horowitz as MP+OH
162	PRPN+OH = PRN1	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL97,MP+OH
163	ETP+OH = 0.50OH+ 0.50ETO2+0.50ALD2	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL97,MP+OH
164	RA3P+OH = 0.50OH + 0.50A3O2+0.50RCHO	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL97,MP+OH
165	RB3P + OH = 0.5OH + 0.5B3O2 + 0.5ACET	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL97,MP+OH;DBM,lumping from MCM3.1
166	R4P+OH = 0.50OH+0.50R4O2 + 0.50RCHO	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL97,MP+OH
167	RP+OH = 0.50OH+0.50RCO3+0.50ALD2	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL97,MP+OH
168	PP + OH = PO2	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL97,MP+OH;DBM(MCM 3.1)
169	GP + OH = GCO3	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	DBM(MCM 3.1)
170	GLP+OH = 0.50OH+0.50GLCO3+0.50CO	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL97,MP+OH
171	RIP + OH = 0.509IALD + 0.509OH + 0.491RIO2	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL97,MP+OH;DBM,lumping from MCM3.1
172	IAP + OH = IAO2	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL97,MP+OH; DBM (MCM3.1)
173	ISNP+OH = 0.50OH+0.50RCHO+0.50NO2+0.50ISN1	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL97,MP+OH
174	VRP+OH = 0.50OH+0.50RCHO+0.50VRO2	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL97,MP+OH
175	MRP + OH = MRO2	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL97,MP+OH;DBM(MCM 3.1)
176	MAOP + OH = MAO3	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL97,MP+OH;DBM(MCM 3.1)
177	OH+MAP = 0.50OH+0.50CH2O + 0.50MCO3	3.80E-12 exp(200/T)	JPL97,MP+OH
178	C2H6+NO3 = ETO2+HNO3	1.40E-18	Atkinson et al. 2004 (See note 13 below)
179	MNO3+OH =CH2O+NOMNO32	8.0E-13exp(-1000/T)	JPL06	JMAO, The product is NO2 in the input file instead of NOMNO32.
180	IALD+OH = 0.44IAO2 +0.41MAO3+0.15HO2	3.70E-11	Paulson &Seinfeld, 92
181	IALD+O3 = 0.60MGLY + 0.10OH + 0.12CH2O + 0.28GLYC + 0.30O3 + 0.40CO + 0.20H2 + 0.20HAC + 0.20HCOOH	6.16E-15 exp(-1814/T)	Paulson &Seinfeld, 92	MCO3+NO,MCO3,HO2,RCO3,GCO3,MAO3,GLCO3 rates are used for other radicals.
182	MCO3+MCO3 = 2MO2	2.50E-12 exp(500/T)	Tyndall; See note 6.	RCO3+HO2 same as MCO3+HO2, RCO3+NO same as MCO3+NO, RCO3+MCO3 same asMCO3+MCO3
183	MCO3+MO2 = CH2O+MO2+HO2	1.80E-12 exp(500/T)	Tyndall
184	MCO3+MO2 = ACTA +CH2O	2.00E-13 exp(500/T)	Tyndall
185	R4O2+MCO3 = MO2 +0.32ACET + 0.19MEK + 0.18MO2 + 0.27HO2 + 0.32ALD2 + 0.13RCHO + 0.05A3O2 + 0.18B3O2 + 0.32ETO2	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)		T dep & B.R.Tyndall K298Villenave 98 See note 12
186	ATO2+MCO3 = MO2 +0.8HO2+0.2CH2O+0.2MCO3+0.8MGLY	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
187	KO2+MCO3 = MO2 +ALD2+MCO3	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
188	RIO2+MCO3 = MO2+0.864HO2+0.690CH2O +0.402MVK+0.288MACR+0.136RIO1+0.127IALD	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
189	RIO1+MCO3 = MO2 +IALD+HO2+0.75CH2O	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
190	IAO2+MCO3 = MO2 + HO2 + 0.65CO + 0.18H2 + 0.36HAC + 0.26GLYC + 0.58MGLY + 0.4CH2O	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
191	ISN1+MCO3 = MO2+NO2+GLYC+HAC	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
192	VRO2+MCO3 = MO2+0.28HO2+0.28CH2O+0.72MCO3+0.72GLYC+0.28MGLY	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
193	MRO2+MCO3 = MO2+HO2+0.17MGLY+0.83HAC+0.83CO+0.17CH2O	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
194	B3O2+MCO3 = MO2+HO2+ACET	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
195	R4N1+MCO3 = MO2+NO2+0.39CH2O+0.75ALD2+0.57RCHO+0.30R4O2	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
196	MVN2+MCO3 = MO2 +NO2+CH2O+0.5MCO3+0.5MGLY+0.5HO2	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
197	MAN2+MCO3 = MO2 +NO2+CH2O+MGLY	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
198	INO2+MCO3 = MO2 +0.10NO2 + 0.80HO2 +0.85HNO3 + 0.05NO2 +0.10MACR + 0.15CH2O +0.05MVK	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
199	PRN1+MCO3 = MO2 +NO2+CH2O+ALD2	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
200	R4O2+MCO3 = MEK +ACTA	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
201	ATO2+MCO3 = MEK +ACTA	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
202	KO2+MCO3 = MEK + ACTA	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
203	RIO2+MCO3 = MEK +ACTA	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
204	RIO1+MCO3 = MEK +ACTA	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
205	IAO2+MCO3 = MEK+ ACTA	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
206	VRO2+MCO3 = MEK +ACTA	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
207	MRO2+MCO3 = MEK +ACTA	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
208	R4N1+MCO3 = RCHO +ACTA + NO2	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
209	ISN1+MCO3 = RCHO +ACTA + NO2	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
210	MVN2+MCO3 = RCHO +ACTA + NO2	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
211	MAN2+MCO3 = RCHO +ACTA + NO2	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
212	INO2+MCO3 = RCHO +ACTA + NO2	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
213	PRN1 + MCO3 = RCHO +ACTA + NO2	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
214	B3O2+MCO3 = ACET +ACTA	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
215	MCO3+ETO2 = MO2+ALD2+HO2	1.68E-12 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
216	MCO3+ETO2 = ACTA +ALD2	1.87E-13 exp(500/T)	Ibid.
217	RCO3+MCO3 = MO2 + ETO2	2.50E-12 exp(500/T)	Tyndall,MCO3+MCO3
218	GCO3+MCO3 = MO2 + HO2+ CH2O	2.50E-12 exp(500/T)	Tyndall,MCO3+MCO3
219	MAO3+MCO3 = MO2 + CH2O + MCO3	2.50E-12 exp(500/T)	Tyndall,MCO3+MCO3
220	GLCO3+MCO3 = MO2+ HO2+ CO	2.50E-12 exp(500/T)	Tyndall,MCO3+MCO3
221	NO3+NO3 = 2NO2 + O2	8.50E-13 exp(-2450/T)	JPL 06
222	HO2 = 0.50H2O2	gamma=2E-1	Jacob, 2000
223	NO2 = 0.50HNO3 +0.50HNO2	gamma=1E-4	Jacob, 2000
224	NO3 = HNO3	gamma=1E-3	Jacob, 2000
225	N2O5 = 2HNO3	gamma=fct(aerosol type, rh,temp)	Evans et al., 2005
226	DMS+OH = SO2+MO2+CH2O	1.1E-11exp(-240/T)	JPL06	JMAO
227	DMS+OH+O2 = 0.75SO2+0.25MSA+MO2	K1=1.0E-39exp(5820/T); K2=5.0E-30exp(6280/T); K=K1*[O2]/(1.0+K2*[O2])	JPL06	MJE
228	DMS+NO3 = SO2+HNO3 +MO2+CH2O	1.90E-13 exp(500/T)	JPL2003
229	SO2+OH+M = SO4+HO2	LPL: 3.30E-31(300/T)^4.3; HPL:1.60E-12; Fc: 0.6	JPL06	JMAO
230	MAO3 + NO=MCO3 + CH2O + NO2	6.7E-12exp(340/T)	IUPAC2006	Palmer, May, JMAO:This reaction doesn't exist in the manual but is in the input The rate is from IUPAC2006 (or 2003), using the rate of CH3CH2C(O)O2+NO=C2H5C(O)O+NO2.
231	RIO1+NO = NO2 + IALD + HO2 + 0.75 CH2O	K* (1-YN) where YN is returned from fyrno3.f; K=2.7E-12 exp(350/T) (Xcarbn=5.00E00)	Atkinson 97
232	RIO1+NO=HNO3	K* YN where YN is returned from fyrno3.f ;K=2.7E-12 exp(350/T) (Xcarbn=5.00E00)	Atkinson 97
233	PMN + OH = NO2 + 0.590HAC + 2.0HO2 + 2.230CH2O	3.20E-11
234	PMN + O3 = NO2 + 0.60CH2O + HO2	8.2E-18
235	GLYC+OH =0.8GCO3+0.4CO+0.2H2+0.2HO2	1.0E-11
236	PRPE+NO3=PRN1	4.59E-13 exp(-1156/T)

Note 10.RO2 primary+MO2: following madronich & calvert: K(RO2+MO2) = 2*sqrt(k(MO2+MO2)*k(RO2+RO2)).

Note 11.RO2 secondary+MO2: same calculation as in note 10, but with the updated MO2+MO2 rate.

Note 12:k 298 = 1e-11cm3 molec-1. Use T dep. From MCO3+MO2 according to Tyndall, and apply branching ratio from Tyndall. Keeping rate constant at 298K equal to 1E-11,means that A factor is 1.87E-12. Branching ratio from Tyndall sends 90% to the radical branch(A = 0.9*1.87E-12 = 1.68E-12), and 10% to molecular branch (A = 0.1* 1.87E-12 =1.87E-13).

Note 13. Atkinson et al. (2004) gives k298 = <1x10^-17, which encompasses 1.4x10^-18.

--Jmao 21:52, 30 June 2011 (EDT)