GEOS-Chem 14.0.0
This page includes information about GEOS-Chem 14.0.0 (currently under development).
Version overview
The following items have been added to GEOS-Chem 14.0.0 since the last GEOS-Chem version GEOS-Chem 13.4.0. Also see the following Github pages:
- 14.0.0 milestone for geoschem/geos-chem
- 14.0.0 milestone for geoschem/GCHP
- 3.5.0 milestone for geoschem/HEMCO
Feature | Contributor(s) | Model scope | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|
Updates that will affect full-chemistry benchmark simulations | |||
Fix bugs causing differences when splitting up GC-Classic and GCHP simulations in time | Lizzie Lundgren (GCST) | Initialization |
|
Remove unnecessary met-fields from GCClassic restart file that caused incorrect initial meteorology | Lizzie Lundgren (GCST) | Restart files | |
Updates that will NOT affect full-chemistry benchmark simulations | |||
Updated offline biogenic VOC emissions | Hongjian Weng (PKU) | Emissions | |
Updated offline soil NOx emissions | Hongjian Weng (PKU) | Emissions | |
Convert input.geos to geoschem_config.yml | Bob Yantosca (GCST) | Input files | |
Update to KPP 2.5.0 | Bob Yantosca (GCST) | Structural | |
Change 4D State_Chm%Species array to vector of 3D concentration arrays | Lizzie Lundgren (GCST) | Structural | |
Fix to save boundary conditions on first timestep | Eloise Marais (UCL) | Diagnostics | |
Fix bug in total OC diagnostic | Lizzie Lundgren (GCST) | Diagnostics | |
Avoid div-by-zero in routine MMR_Compute_Flux | Bob Yantosca (GCST) | Bug fix | |
Minor HEMCO updates, including: | Bob Yantosca (GCST) Lizzie Lundgren (GCST) Melissa Sulprizio (GCST) |
Structural | |
Updates that will only affect GCHP | |||
Upgrade GMAO libraries in GCHP | Liam Bindle (GCST) Lizzie Lundgren (GCST) |
Structural | |
Add option to use native GEOS-FP met fields in GCHP
|
Liam Bindle (GCST) | Met fields | |
Run directory updates to easily break up GCHP runs in time | Lizzie Lundgren (GCST) | Structural | |
Bug fixes for MEGAN HEMCO extension | Lizzie Lundgren (GCST) | Emissions |
New data directories
The following data directories have been added or updated in this version. You will have to download the directories relevant to your simulation.
Inventory | Simulations | What was added? | Directory |
---|---|---|---|
GEOS-FP | All | Native GEOS-FP met fields at c720 resolution (~12 km), includes mass fluxes and derived winds. Using these fields is an option in GCHP. |
ExtData/GEOS_C720 |
OFFLINE_BIOVOC | Full-chemistry; Aerosols |
Updated offline biogenic VOC emissions to include the following updates based on GEOS-Chem 13.2.0:
|
ExtData/HEMCO/OFFLINE_BIOVOC/v2021-12 |
OFFLINE_SOILNOX | Full-chemistry | Updated offline soil NOx emissions to include the following updates based on GEOS-Chem 13.2.0:
|
ExtData/HEMCO/OFFLINE_SOILNOX/v2021-12 |
1-month full-chemistry benchmarks
1-month benchmark setup
The following table describes the GEOS-Chem setup for both GEOS-Chem Classic and GCHP 1-month benchmark simulations.
Git tag(s): |
|
Compared to previous benchmark: | 13.4.0 |
Software environment: | gcc 10.2.0 OpenMPI 4.1.0 netcdf-fortran 4.5.3 CMake 3.17.3 ESMF 8.0.1 |
Model resolution: |
|
Meteorology fields: | MERRA-2
|
Initial conditions: | July 1, 2019
|
Benchmark month: | July 2019 |
Chemistry setup: | See fullchem.eqn |
This version will impact: (select all that apply with boldface) |
|
1-month internal benchmarks
Each update that will introduce a significant change in the full-chemistry simulation is tagged with an alpha version in Git. For each of these alpha versions, the GCST runs an internal 1-month benchmark simulation to isolate the impact from that update.
For more details on the update(s) included in each alpha version and a link to benchmark results, see this Google sheet.
1-month benchmark assessment form
Performance | GEOS-Chem Classic | GCHP | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Grid resolution: | 4° x 5° | C24 | ||
# CPUs, nodes: | 62 CPUs 1 node (AWS) |
62 CPUs 1 nodes (AWS) | ||
Wall time: | 06:37:22 | 06:32:16 | ||
CPU time / wall time: | TBD | TBD | ||
% of ideal performance: | TBD | TBD | ||
Memory: | TBD | TBD | ||
Global mean OH: (% change from previous version) |
12.04155987222 x 105 molec/cm3 (-0.0055%) |
11.89140941865 x 105 molec/cm3 (-0.66%) | ||
Methyl chloroform lifetime: (% change from previous version) |
5.131006 years (-0.0034%) |
5.171676 years (0.65%) | ||
Methane lifetime: (% change from previous version) |
8.647998 years (-0.0045%) |
8.709415 years (0.63%) | ||
Details | ||||
Species, J-Values, and COLUMN AOD values that changed by 10% or more at the surface: | GEOS-Chem Classic 14.0.0-rc.0 vs 13.4.0-rc.4 |
GCHP 14.0.0-rc.0 vs 13.4.0-rc.4 | ||
Species and J-Values that changed by 10% or more at 500 hPa: | GEOS-Chem Classic 14.0.0-rc.0 vs 13.4.0-rc.4 |
GCHP 14.0.0-rc.0 vs 13.4.0-rc.4 | ||
Species and J-Values that changed by 10% or more in zonal mean: | GEOS-Chem Classic 14.0.0-rc.0 vs 13.4.0-rc.4 |
GCHP 14.0.0-rc.0 vs 13.4.0-rc.4 | ||
Emissions that changed by 10% or more: | [hhttp://s3.amazonaws.com/benchmarks-cloud/diff-plots/1Mon/diff-gcc-4x5-1Mon-13.4.0-gcc-4x5-1Mon-14.0.0-rc.0/BenchmarkResults/SigDiffs_emissions.txt GEOS-Chem Classic 14.0.0-rc.0 vs 13.4.0-rc.4] |
GCHP 14.0.0-rc.0 vs 13.4.0-rc.4 | ||
Overview | ||||
This version mainly included zero-difference updates. Small differences were introduced by the fixes to address bugs that cause differences when splitting up GC-Classic and GCHP simulations in time. | ||||
Approval | ||||
Requires further investigation: | ||||
Approved by: | ||||
Date of approval: |
1-month GEOS-Chem Classic version comparison (14.0.0-rc.0 vs 13.4.0-rc.4)
Below are links to plots and tables comparing 1-month simulations for GEOS-Chem Classic 14.0.0-rc.0 (Dev) and GEOS-Chem Classic 13.4.0-rc.4 (Ref).
Species Category | Plots | Additional Information | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level Map | Zonal Mean | Emissions | ||||
Oxidants
O3, CO, OH, NOx |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | sfc | |
Aerosols
DST1, DST2, DST3, DST4, NH4, NIT, SO4, HMS, BCPI, BCPO, OCPI, OCPO, AERI, BrSALA, BrSALC, ISALA, ISALC, NITs, SALA, SALC, SO4s, Simple_SOA, Complex_SOA, pFe |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | AOD |
Bromine
Bry, BrOx, Br, Br2, BrCl, BrNO2, BrNO3, BrO, CH3Br, CH2Br2, CHBr3, HOBr, HBr |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Chlorine
Cly, ClOx, Cl, ClO, Cl2, Cl2O2, ClOO, ClNO2, ClNO3, CCl4, CFCs, CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CH3CCl3, CHCl3, HOCl, HCl, Halons, HCFCs, OClO |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | -- | |
Iodine
Iy, IxOy, I, I2, IBr, ICl, IO, IONO, IONO2, CH3I, CH2I2, CH2ICl, CH2IBr, HI, HOI, OIO |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Nitrogen
NOy, NOx, HNO2, HNO3, HNO4, MPAN, NIT, NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, MPN, PAN, PPN, N2O, NHx, NH3, NH4, MENO3, ETNO3, IPRNO3, NPRNO3, AONITA, ETHN, BZPAN, NPHEN |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Primary Organics
EOH, MOH, ISOP, MTPA, MTPO, LIMO, ALK4, BENZ, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8, PRPE, TOLU, XYLE |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Secondary Organics
ACTA, ALD2, BALD, CH2O, HPALDs, MACR, IEPOX, ACET, HAC, MEK, MVK, ISOPN, GLYC, GLYX, HCOOH, MAP, PHEN, RCHO, ETHP, MP |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Secondary Organic Aerosols
TSOA0, TSOA1, TSOA2, TSOA3, ASOA1, ASOA2, ASOA3, ASOAN, TSOG0, TSOG1, TSOG2, TSOG3, ASOG1, ASOG2, ASOG3, INDIOL, LVOCOA, SOAIE, SOAGX, SOAP, SOAS |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Sulfur
SOx, DMS, HMS, OCS, SO2, SO4 |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
ROy
H2O2, H, H2, H2O, HO2, O1D, OH, RO2 |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | -- | |
J-values | sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | -- | -- |
Emissions by HEMCO category | Total
Aircraft, Anthropogenic, Biomass Burning, Biogenic, Lightning, Natural, Ocean, Seabirds, Decaying Plants, Ship, Soil, Degassing Volcanoes, Erupting Volcanoes | |||||
Emission totals | Tables by species | |||||
Global mass | Entire atmosphere | |||||
Metrics | OH concentration, MCF lifetime, CH4 lifetime |
1-month GCHP version comparison (14.0.0-rc.0 vs 13.4.0-rc.4)
Below are links to plots and tables comparing 1-month simulations for GCHP 14.0.0-rc.0 (Dev) and GCHP 13.4.0-rc.4 (Ref).
Species Category2 | Plots | Additional Information | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level Map | Zonal Mean | Emissions | ||||
Oxidants
O3, CO, OH, NOx |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Aerosols
DST1, DST2, DST3, DST4, NH4, NIT, SO4, BCPI, BCPO, OCPI, OCPO, AERI, BrSALA, BrSALC, ISALA, ISALC, NITs, SALA, SALC, SO4s, Simple_SOA, Complex_SOA, pFe |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | AOD |
Bromine
Bry, BrOx, Br, Br2, BrCl, BrNO2, BrNO3, BrO, CH3Br, CH2Br2, CHBr3, HOBr, HBr |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Chlorine
Cly, ClOx, Cl, ClO, Cl2, Cl2O2, ClOO, ClNO2, ClNO3, CCl4, CFCs, CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CH3CCl3, CHCl3, HOCl, HCl, Halons, HCFCs, OClO |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | -- | |
Iodine
Iy, IxOy, I, I2, IBr, ICl, IO, IONO, IONO2, CH3I, CH2I2, CH2ICl, CH2IBr, HI, HOI, OIO |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Nitrogen
NOy, NOx, HNO2, HNO3, HNO4, MPAN, NIT, NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, MPN, PAN, PPN, N2O, NHx, NH3, NH4, MENO3, ETNO3, IPRNO3, NPRNO3 |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Primary Organics
EOH, MOH, ISOP, MTPA, MTPO, LIMO, ALK4, BENZ, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, PRPE, TOLU, XYLE |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Secondary Organics
ACTA, ALD2, CH2O, HPALDs, MACR, IEPOX, ACET, HAC, MEK, MVK, ISOPN, GLYC, GLYX, HCOOH, MAP, RCHO, MP |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Secondary Organic Aerosols
TSOA0, TSOA1, TSOA2, TSOA3, ASOA1, ASOA2, ASOA3, ASOAN, TSOG0, TSOG1, TSOG2, TSOG3, ASOG1, ASOG2, ASOG3, INDIOL, LVOCOA, SOAIE, SOAGX, SOAP, SOAS |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Sulfur
SOx, DMS, HMS, OCS, SO2, SO4 |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
ROy
H2O2, H, H2, H2O, HO2, O1D, OH, RO2 |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | -- | |
J-values | sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | -- | -- |
Emissions by HEMCO category | Total
Aircraft, Anthropogenic, Biomass Burning, Biogenic, Lightning, Natural, Ocean, Seabirds, Decaying Plants, Ship, Soil, Degassing Volcanoes, Erupting Volcanoes | |||||
Emission totals | Tables by species | |||||
Global mass | Entire atmosphere |
1-month GCHP (14.0.0-rc.0) vs. GEOS-Chem Classic (14.0.0-rc.0) comparison
Below are links to plots and tables comparing 1-month simulations for GCHP 14.0.0-rc.0 (Dev) and GEOS-Chem Classic 14.0.0-rc.0 (Ref).
Species Category2 | Plots | Additional Information | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level Map | Zonal Mean | Emissions | ||||
Oxidants
O3, CO, OH, NOx |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Aerosols
DST1, DST2, DST3, DST4, NH4, NIT, SO4, BCPI, BCPO, OCPI, OCPO, AERI, BrSALA, BrSALC, ISALA, ISALC, NITs, SALA, SALC, SO4s, Simple_SOA, Complex_SOA, pFe |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | AOD |
Bromine
Bry, BrOx, Br, Br2, BrCl, BrNO2, BrNO3, BrO, CH3Br, CH2Br2, CHBr3, HOBr, HBr |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Chlorine
Cly, ClOx, Cl, ClO, Cl2, Cl2O2, ClOO, ClNO2, ClNO3, CCl4, CFCs, CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CH3CCl3, CHCl3, HOCl, HCl, Halons, HCFCs, OClO |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | -- | |
Iodine
Iy, IxOy, I, I2, IBr, ICl, IO, IONO, IONO2, CH3I, CH2I2, CH2ICl, CH2IBr, HI, HOI, OIO |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Nitrogen
NOy, NOx, HNO2, HNO3, HNO4, MPAN, NIT, NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, MPN, PAN, PPN, N2O, NHx, NH3, NH4, MENO3, ETNO3, IPRNO3, NPRNO3 |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Primary Organics
EOH, MOH, ISOP, MTPA, MTPO, LIMO, ALK4, BENZ, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, PRPE, TOLU, XYLE |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Secondary Organics
ACTA, ALD2, CH2O, HPALDs, MACR, IEPOX, ACET, HAC, MEK, MVK, ISOPN, GLYC, GLYX, HCOOH, MAP, RCHO, MP |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Secondary Organic Aerosols
TSOA0, TSOA1, TSOA2, TSOA3, ASOA1, ASOA2, ASOA3, ASOAN, TSOG0, TSOG1, TSOG2, TSOG3, ASOG1, ASOG2, ASOG3, INDIOL, LVOCOA, SOAIE, SOAGX, SOAP, SOAS |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
Sulfur
SOx, DMS, HMS, OCS, SO2, SO4 |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | column total | |
ROy
H2O2, H, H2, H2O, HO2, O1D, OH, RO2 |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | -- | |
J-values | sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere | -- | -- |
Emissions by HEMCO category | Total
Aircraft, Anthropogenic, Biomass Burning, Biogenic, Lightning, Natural, Ocean, Seabirds, Decaying Plants, Ship, Soil, Degassing Volcanoes, Erupting Volcanoes | |||||
Emission totals | Tables by species | |||||
Global mass | Entire atmosphere |
1-month GCHP vs GEOS-Chem-Classic diff-of-diffs
Below are links to plots and tables comparing 1-month simulations for GCHP 14.0.0-rc.0 - 13.4.0-rc.4 (Dev) and GEOS-Chem Classic GCHP 14.0.0-rc.0 - 13.4.0-rc.4 (Ref).
Species Category2 | Plots | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Level Map | Zonal Mean | |||
Oxidants
O3, CO, OH, NOx |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere |
Aerosols
DST1, DST2, DST3, DST4, NH4, NIT, SO4, BCPI, BCPO, OCPI, OCPO, AERI, BrSALA, BrSALC, ISALA, ISALC, NITs, SALA, SALC, SO4s, Simple_SOA, Complex_SOA, pFe |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere |
Bromine
Bry, BrOx, Br, Br2, BrCl, BrNO2, BrNO3, BrO, CH3Br, CH2Br2, CHBr3, HOBr, HBr |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere
|
Chlorine
Cly, ClOx, Cl, ClO, Cl2, Cl2O2, ClOO, ClNO2, ClNO3, CCl4, CFCs, CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CH3CCl3, CHCl3, HOCl, HCl, Halons, HCFCs, OClO |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere |
Iodine
Iy, IxOy, I, I2, IBr, ICl, IO, IONO, IONO2, CH3I, CH2I2, CH2ICl, CH2IBr, HI, HOI, OIO |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere
|
Nitrogen
NOy, NOx, HNO2, HNO3, HNO4, MPAN, NIT, NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, MPN, PAN, PPN, N2O, NHx, NH3, NH4, MENO3, ETNO3, IPRNO3, NPRNO3 |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere |
Primary Organics
EOH, MOH, ISOP, MTPA, MTPO, LIMO, ALK4, BENZ, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, PRPE, TOLU, XYLE |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere |
Secondary Organics
ACTA, ALD2, CH2O, HPALDs, MACR, IEPOX, ACET, HAC, MEK, MVK, ISOPN, GLYC, GLYX, HCOOH, MAP, RCHO, MP |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere |
Secondary Organic Aerosols
TSOA0, TSOA1, TSOA2, TSOA3, ASOA1, ASOA2, ASOA3, ASOAN, TSOG0, TSOG1, TSOG2, TSOG3, ASOG1, ASOG2, ASOG3, INDIOL, LVOCOA, SOAIE, SOAGX, SOAP, SOAS |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere |
Sulfur
SOx, DMS, OCS, SO2, SO4 |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere |
ROy
H2O2, H, H2, H2O, HO2, O1D, OH, RO2 |
sfc | 500hPa | full column | stratosphere |
1-year full-chemistry benchmarks
Model setup
The following table describes the GEOS-Chem setup for both GEOS-Chem Classic and GCHP 1-year benchmark simulations.
Git tag(s): | |
Compared to previous benchmark: | 13.4.0 |
Software environment: | ifort 18.0.5 OpenMPI 4.0.1 netcdf-fortran 4.5.2 CMake 3.16.1 ESMF 8.0.1 |
Model resolution: |
|
Meteorology fields: | MERRA-2
|
Spin-up initial conditions: | January 1, 2017 from 12.9.0 1-year benchmark
|
Benchmark date: | Spin-up run: Jan 2018 - Dec 2018 Production run: Jan 2019 - Dec 2019 |
GEOS-Chem Classic 14.0.0 vs 13.4.0
Below are links to plots and tables comparing 1-year full-chemistry simulations for GEOS-Chem Classic 14.0.0-rc.0 (Dev) and GEOS-Chem Classic 13.4.0-rc.4 (Ref).
Category1 | Plots | Additional Information | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level Map | Zonal Mean | Emissions | ||||
Oxidants
O3, CO, OH, NOx |
Surface | 500 hPa | Full column | Stratosphere | Full column | |
Aerosols
DST1, DST2, DST3, DST4, NH4, NIT, SO4, BCPI, BCPO, OCPI, OCPO, AERI, BrSALA, BrSALC, ISALA, ISALC, NITs, SALA, SALC, SO4s, Simple_SOA, Complex_SOA |
Surface | 500 hPa | Full column | Stratosphere | Full column | AOD |
Bromine
Bry, BrOx, Br, Br2, BrCl, BrNO2, BrNO3, BrO, CH4Br, CH2Br2, CH2Br2, CH3Br3, HOBr, HBr |
Surface | 500 hPa | Full column | Stratosphere | Full column | |
Chlorine
Cly, ClOx, Cl, ClO, Cl2, Cl2O2, ClOO, ClNO2, ClNO3, CCl4, CFCs, CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CH4CCl3, HOCl, HCl, Halons, HCFCs, OClO |
Surface | 500 hPa | Full column | Stratosphere | - | |
Iodine
Iy, IxOy, I, I2, IBr, ICl, IO, INO2, IONO2, CH3I, CH2I2, CH2ICl, CH2IBr, HI, HOI, OIO |
Surface | 500 hPa | Full column | Stratosphere | Full column | |
Nitrogen
NOy, NOx, HNO2, HNO3, HNO4, MPAN, NIT, NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, MPN, PAN, PPN, N2O, NHx, NH3, NH4, MENO3, ETNO3, IPRNO3, NPRNO3 |
Surface | 500 hPa | Full column | Stratosphere | Full column | |
Primary Organics
EOH, MOH, ISOP, MTPA, MTPO, LIMO, ALK4, BENZ, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, PRPE, TOLU, XYLE |
Surface | 500 hPa | Full column | Stratosphere | Full column | |
Secondary Organics
ACTA, ALD2, CH2O, HPALDs, MACR, IEPOX, ACET, MEK, MVK, ISOPN, GLYX, HCOOH, MAP, RCHO, MP |
Surface | 500 hPa | Full column | Stratosphere | Full column | |
Secondary Organic Aerosols
TSOA0, TSOA1, TSOA2, TSOA3, ASOA1, ASOA2, ASOA3, ASOAN, TSOG0, TSOG1, TSOG2, TSOG3, ASOG1, ASOG2, ASOG3, INDIOL, LVOCOA, SOAIE, SOAGX, SOAP, SOAS |
Surface | 500 hPa | Full column | Stratosphere | Full column | |
Sulfur
SOx, DMS, OCS, SO2, SO4 |
Surface | 500 hPa | Full column | Stratosphere | Full column | |
ROy
H2O2, H, H2, H2O, HO2, O1D, OH, RO2 |
Surface | 500 hPa | Full column | Stratosphere | - | |
J-values | Surface | 500 hPa | Full column | Stratosphere | - | |
Emissions by HEMCO category |
| |||||
Emission totals | ||||||
Global mass | ||||||
Metrics | ||||||
Budgets | Budgets after operations: Jan, Apr, Jul, Oct | |||||
Strat-trop exchange | ||||||
Model vs Observations |
|