Tagged CO simulation
Description
The tagged CO simulation is an offline simulation that calculates CO concentrations only. It uses monthly mean OH concentrations archived from a previous full-chemistry simulation (more on that below). Because the simulation is linear, CO can be “tagged” by its source region/type. The regions and types used can be adapted to address different problems with a few simple code modifications.
Assumptions
- The tagged CO simulation doesn’t include direct emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), so CO sources are scaled to account for co-emitted VOCs. Fossil fuel and biofuel emissions are scaled by 19% and biomass burning emissions are scaled by 11%. More information is given in Duncan et al. (2007).
- Biogenic VOCs:
- Isoprene: Yield of CO from isoprene is assumed to be 30% based on Miyoshi et al. (1994). Isoprene yield can also be computed as a function of NOx concentration by setting ALPHA_ISOP_FROM_NOX = .TRUE. in CHEM_TAGGED_CO, but this is not the default behavior.
- Methanol: The CO flux from methanol is scaled to the isoprene flux
- Monoterpene: Yield of CO from monoterpenes is assumed to be 20% based on Hatakeyama et al. (1991) and Vinckier et al. (1998).
- Acetone: Yield of CO from acetone is assumed to be 2/3 and accounts for acetone loss from reaction with OH and photolysis.
- OH concentrations are taken from a previously run full chemistry simulation. The default is from a much earlier version of the model, when OH was thought to be more realistic. The standard code uses OH from version 5-07-08, with GEOS3 meteorology.
- Methane concentrations are calculated based on measurements from the NOAA Global Monitoring Division network and are assumed constant over four latitudinal bands (30-90S, 0-30S, 0-30N, 30-90N). Yield is assumed to be one molecule CO per molecule CH4.
Standard Tracers
In a standard run, there are 17 tracers (see input.geos below).
Tracer 1 (CO) is total CO; this is the sum of CO from all sources. Tracers 2-5 are CO from fossil fuel emissions in: -COus: North America (172.5-17.5W, 24-88N) -COeur: Europe (17.5W-72.5E, 36-45N and 17.5W-172.5E, 45-88N) -COasia: Asia (70-152.5E, 8-45N) -COoth: everywhere else. Tracers 6-11 are CO from biomass burning emissions in: -CObbam: South America (112.5-32.5W, 56S-24N) -CObbaf: Africa (17.5W-70E, 48S-36N) -CObbas: Southeast Asia (70-152.5E, 8-45N) -CObboc: Oceania (70-170E, 90S-8N) -CObbeu: Europe (17.5W-72.5E, 36-45N and 17.5W-172.5E, 45-88N) -CObbna: Everywhere else (basically North America) Tracer 12 (COch4) is CO produced from methane. Tracer 13 (CObiof) is CO from biofuel emissions (except if you are using the Streets inventory over Asia, where biofuel and fossil fuel emissions are combined). Tracers 14-17 are CO produced from the following volatile organic compounds (in order): isoprene (COisop), monoterpenes (COmono), methanol (COmeoh), and acetone (COacet).
The regional definitions used for the fossil fuel and biomass burning tracers can be changed in DEFINE_FF_REGIONS and DEFINE_BB_REGIONS, respectively. The biofuel tracer can be removed by commenting lines in EMISS_TAGGED_CO (look for LSPLIT and tracer #13). The methane and VOC tracers can be removed by commenting lines in CHEM_TAGGED_CO (look for LSPLIT). Note that if you change the tracers you will also need to make the appropriate changes in your input.geos and restart files.
Practicalities
Tagged CO is simulation type 7. For tagged CO run with standard tracers, the input.geos should look like this:
%%% TRACER MENU %%% : Type of simulation : 7 Number of Tracers : 17 Tracer Entries -------> : TR# Name g/mole Tracer Members; () = emitted Tracer #1 : 1 CO 28.0 (CO) Tracer #2 : 2 COus 28.0 Tracer #3 : 3 COeur 28.0 Tracer #4 : 4 COasia 28.0 Tracer #5 : 5 COoth 28.0 Tracer #6 : 6 CObbam 28.0 Tracer #7 : 7 CObbaf 28.0 Tracer #8 : 8 CObbas 28.0 Tracer #9 : 9 CObboc 28.0 Tracer #10 : 10 CObbeu 28.0 Tracer #11 : 11 CObbna 28.0 Tracer #12 : 12 COch4 28.0 Tracer #13 : 13 CObiof 28.0 Tracer #14 : 14 COisop 28.0 Tracer #15 : 15 COmono 28.0 Tracer #16 : 16 COmeoh 28.0 Tracer #17 : 17 COacet 28.0
Recent tagged CO updates
The following updates were recently added to the GEOS-Chem tagged CO simulation:
Science updates
These scientific updates were added to the tagged CO simulation:
- Updated CO+OH rate constant to JPL2006 (Jenny Fisher): standard in GEOS-Chem v8-02-03
- Optional use of MEGAN biogenic emissions added (Prasad Kasibhatla and Jenny Fisher): standard in GEOS-Chem v8-02-03
- Bug fixes in biomass_mod.f, emep_mod.f, and nei2005_anthro_mod.f: standard in GEOS-Chem v9-01-02
- Addition of aircraft emissions of CO from the FAA/AEDT aircraft emissions inventory (in GEOS-Chem v9-02 and higher)
--Bob Y. 15:00, 11 April 2014 (EDT)
Code Updates
These code updates were added to GEOS-Chem v10-01:
Now call INIT_TAGGED_CO from input_mod.F
This update was validated in the 1-month benchmark simulation v10-01c and approved on 29 May 2014.
Prior to GEOS-Chem v10-01, routine INIT_TAGGED_CO (in module GeosCore/tagged_co_mod.F) was called from routine EMISS_TAGGED_CO on the first chemistry timestep.
In order to make the code more compatible with our Grid-Independent GEOS-Chem development, we now call INIT_TAGGED_CO from routine GIGC_INIT_EXTRA (in module GeosCore/input_mod.F). This is now called during the "Initialization" phase of GEOS-Chem rather than during the "Run" phase.
--Bob Y. 17:01, 30 May 2014 (EDT)
Reduce memory footprint of arrays
This update was validated in the 1-month benchmark simulation v10-01c and approved on 29 May 2014.
In module GeosCore/tagged_co_mod.F, the following arrays:
REAL*8, ALLOCATABLE :: CO_PRODS (:,:,:) ! Strat P(CO) from CH4
REAL*8, ALLOCATABLE :: CO_LOSSS (:,:,:) ! Strat L(CO) from CO + OH
can be changed from REAL*8 to REAL*4:
REAL*4, ALLOCATABLE :: CO_PRODS (:,:,:) ! Strat P(CO) from CH4
REAL*4, ALLOCATABLE :: CO_LOSSS (:,:,:) ! Strat L(CO) from CO + OH
These arrays are meant to hold REAL*4 data that is read in from a netCDF file, so there is no need to keep them at REAL*8. This will half the amount of memory required to store this data.
--Bob Y. 17:01, 30 May 2014 (EDT)
Bug fix: Make sure to define the DTCHEM variable
This update was validated in the 1-month benchmark simulation v10-01c and approved on 29 May 2014.
In routine CHEM_TAGGED_CO (in module file GeosCore/tagged_co_mod.F, variable DTCHEM was never assigned any value. This caused the tagged CO to halt with an error when running in the GEOS-Chem Unit Tester.
The solution was to change this line:
! DTCHEM is the number of seconds per chemistry timestep
DTSRCE = GET_TS_EMIS() * 60d0
to this:
! DTCHEM is the number of seconds per chemistry timestep
DTCHEM = GET_TS_CHEM() * 60d0
--Bob Y. 17:01, 30 May 2014 (EDT)
Tagged CO development projects
- Flexible region masks (Dylan Jones and Prasad Kasibhatla)
- 3-D chemical production source (Jenny Fisher and Lee Murray)
Adjoint capabilities
Tagged CO is one of the simulations supported in the adjoint code. See the GEOS-Chem Adjoint wiki page for more details.
Setting up a tagged CO simulation on the GEOS-5 72-level grid
If you wish to run the tagged CO simulation on the GEOS-5 (or MERRA or GEOS-FP) 72-level vertical grid, then follow these steps:
- In file Headers/define.h
- Turn off (e.g. comment out) the GRIDREDUCED switch
- In file Headers/CMN_SIZE
- If you are using a version of GEOS-Chem prior to v9-01-01, increase the value of LLTROP from 38 to 40. For complete instructions, please see this wiki post on our Dynamic Tropopause page.
- Make sure that the various files are interpolated to 72 vertical levels, including
- Mean OH file
- P(CO) and L(CO) rates
- NOx fields
More Information
For more information, see the GEOS-Chem manual pages about tagged CO:
- Checklist for Tagged CO simulation (Chapter 6.1.4 of the GEOS-Chem User's Guide)
- Sample input.geos file for Tagged CO simulation
- Tracers for Tagged CO simulation (Appendix 1.7 of the GEOS-Chem User's Guide)
Studies that used Tagged CO simulation
- Palmer, P. I., D. J. Jacob, D. B. A. Jones, C. L. Heald, R. M. Yantosca, J. A. Logan, G. W. Sachse, and D. G. Streets (2003), Inverting for emissions of carbon monoxide from Asia using aircraft observations over the western Pacific, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D21), 4180, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003397.
- Heald, C. L., D. J. Jacob, D. B. A. Jones, P. I. Palmer, J. A. Logan, D. G. Streets, G. W. Sachse, J. C. Gille, R. N. Hoffman, and T. Nehrkorn (2004), Comparative inverse analysis of satellite (MOPITT) and aircraft (TRACE-P) observations to estimate Asian sources of carbon monoxide, Journal of Geophysical Research, 109(D15S04), doi: 10.1029/2004JD005185.
- Arellano, A. F., P. S. Kasibhatla, L. Giglio, G. R. van der Werf, and J. T. Randerson (2004), Top-down estimates of global CO sources using MOPITT measurements, Geophysical Research Letters, 31(L01104), doi: 10.1029/2003GL018609.
- Arellano, A. F., P. S. Kasibhatla, L. Giglio, G. R. van der Werf, J. T. Randerson, and G. J. Collatz (2006), Time-dependent inversion estimates of global biomass-burning CO emissions using Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 111(D09303), doi: 10.1029/2005JD006613.
- Duncan, B. N., Logan, J. A., Bey, I., Megretskaia, I. A., Yantosca, R. M., Novelli, P. C., Jones, N. B., and Rinsland, C. P., Global budget of CO, 1988–1997: Source estimates and validation with a global model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22301, doi:10.1029/2007JD008459, 2007.
- Duncan, B. N., J. A. Logan, I. Bey, I. A. Megretskaia, R. M. Yantosca, P. C. Novelli, N. B. Jones, and C. P. Rinsland (2008), Model analysis of the factors regulating the trends and variability of carbon monoxide between 1988 and 1997, Atmos. Chem. Phys, 8, 7389-3403.
- Kopacz, M., D. J. Jacob, D. K. Henze, C. L. Heald, D. G. Streets, and Q. Zhang (2009), Comparison of adjoint and analytical Bayesian inversion methods for constraining Asian sources of carbon monoxide using satellite (MOPITT) measurements of CO columns, J. Geophys. Res., 114(D04305), doi: 10.1029/2007JD009264.
- Fisher, J.A., D.J. Jacob, M.T. Purdy, M. Kopacz, P. Le Sager, C. Carouge, C.D. Holmes, R.M. Yantosca, R.L. Batchelor, K. Strong, G.S. Diskin, H.E. Fuelberg, J.S. Holloway, E.J. Hyer, W.W. McMillan, J. Warner, D.G. Streets, Q. Zhang, Y. Wang, S. Wu, Source attribution and interannual variability of Arctic pollution in spring constrained by aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and satellite (AIRS) observations of carbon monoxide, Atm. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 19035-19080, 2009.
- Kopacz, M., D.J. Jacob, J.A. Fisher, J.A. Logan, L. Zhang, I.A. Megretskaia, R.M. Yantosca, K. Singh, D.K. Henze, J.P. Burrows, M. Buchwitz, I. Khlystova, W.W. McMillan, J.C. Gille, D.P. Edwards, A. Eldering, V. Thouret, P. Nedelec, Global estimates of CO sources with high resolution by adjoint inversion of multiple satellite datasets (MOPITT, AIRS, SCIAMACHY and TES), Atm. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 19967-20018, 2009.
References
- Duncan, B. N., Logan, J. A., Bey, I., Megretskaia, I. A., Yantosca, R. M., Novelli, P. C., Jones, N. B., and Rinsland, C. P., Global budget of CO, 1988–1997: Source estimates and validation with a global model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22301, doi:10.1029/2007JD008459, 2007.
- Hatakeyama, S., Izumi, K., Fukuyama, T., Akimoto, H. Washida, N., Reactions of OH with alpha-pinene and beta-pinene in air: Estimate of global CO production from the atmospheric oxidation of terpenes, J. Geophys. Res., 96(D1), 947-958, 1991.
- Miyoshi, A., Hatakeyama, S., Washida, N., OH radical-initiated photooxidation of isoprene: An estimate of global CO production, J. Geophs. Res., 99(D9), 18779-18787, 1994.
- Vinckier, C., Compernolle, F., Saleh, A. M., Van Hoof, N., Van Hees, I., Product yields of the alpha -pinene reaction with hydroxyl radicals and the implication on the global emission of trace compounds in the atmosphere, Fresenius Env. Bull., 7(5-6), 361-368, 1998.
Previous issues that are now resolved
We have found and fixed the following issues with the Tagged CO simulation:
Bug fixes for tagged CO simulation
This update was tested in the 1-month benchmark simulation v9-02b and approved on 29 Oct 2012.
We have corrected the following minor issues in the Tagged CO simulation. These bugs were present in GEOS-Chem v9-01-03. The full-chemistry simulation is not affected by these issues.
(1) In emissdr.F, bracket AD46 diagnostics with IF statements in order to avoid out-of-bounds errors caused by undefined bromine tracer flags:
! CHBr3 emissions [kg/m2/s] -- tracer #14
IF ( IDECHBr3 > 0 ) THEN
AD46(I,J,14) = AD46(I,J,14)
& + ( EMISRR(I,J,IDECHBr3) / AREA_M2 )
& * ( MWT_CHBr3 / AVG )
ENDIF
! CH2Br2 emissions [kg/m2/s] -- tracer #15
IF ( IDECH2Br2 > 0 ) THEN
AD46(I,J,15) = AD46(I,J,15)
& + ( EMISRR(I,J,IDECH2Br2) / AREA_M2 )
& * ( MWT_CH2Br2 / AVG )
ENDIF
(2) We needed to pass the am_I_Root = .TRUE. value to routine GET_GLOBAL_CH4 from tagged_co_mod.F. We changed this line:
CALL GET_GLOBAL_CH4( GET_YEAR(), .TRUE.,
& A3090S, A0030S, A0030N, A3090N )
to:
CALL GET_GLOBAL_CH4( GET_YEAR(), .TRUE.,
& A3090S, A0030S, A0030N, A3090N, .TRUE. )
(3) The CO_PRODS and CO_LOSSS arrays need to be made 3-dimensional for compatibility with the new GMI stratospheric chemistry data. Change these lines:
REAL*8, ALLOCATABLE :: CO_PRODS(:,:)
REAL*8, ALLOCATABLE :: CO_LOSSS(:,:)
. . .
ALLOCATE( CO_PRODS( JJPAR, LLPAR ), STAT=AS )
. . .
ALLOCATE( CO_LOSSS( JJPAR, LLPAR ), STAT=AS )
. . .
IF ( IS_PROD ) THEN
RATE = CO_PRODS(J,L) ! P(CO) from CH4 + OH in [v/v/s]
ELSE
RATE = CO_LOSSS(J,L) ! L(CO) from CO + OH in [s^-1]
ENDIF
to:
REAL*8, ALLOCATABLE :: CO_PRODS(:,:,:)
REAL*8, ALLOCATABLE :: CO_LOSSS(:,:,:)
. . .
ALLOCATE( CO_PRODS( IIPAR, JJPAR, LLPAR ), STAT=AS )
. . .
ALLOCATE( CO_LOSSS( IIPAR, JJPAR, LLPAR ), STAT=AS )
. . .
IF ( IS_PROD ) THEN
RATE = CO_PRODS(I,J,L) ! P(CO) from CH4 + OH in [v/v/s]
ELSE
RATE = CO_LOSSS(I,J,L) ! L(CO) from CO + OH in [s^-1]
ENDIF
Thanks to Jenny Fisher for her assistance in correcting these issues.
--Bob Y. 10:58, 20 December 2012 (EST)
Outstanding issues that are not yet resolved
1. No diurnal variability in OH fields -- other offline simulations scale OH diurnally based on the cosine of the SZA. I have implemented this in a working version of GEOS-Chem and will submit to the standard code shortly.
2. Centralized chemistry timestep not fully implemented -- Tagged CO has some lingering calls to SUNCOS instead of SUNCOS_MID. I've fixed these and will submit with #1.
3. Non-local PBL mixing doesn't work -- Right now, selecting non-local PBL mixing has no effect on the tagged CO code as the model ignores this. I've fixed this as well and will submit with #1-3.
4. No CO dry deposition -- this is actually true in both full chemistry and tagged CO, and Chris Holmes has pointed out it can be up to 10% of the CO sink. I have started looking into this but have made no serious progress yet.
--Jenny Fisher, 3 Jun 2014