Leaf area indices in GEOS-Chem

On this page we provide an overview of how leaf area index (LAI) data is used in GEOS-Chem. Leaf area index is defined as the total leaf surface area divided by the total surface area of a grid box (typical units are: cm² leaf cm^-2 GEOS-Chem grid box).

Also be sure to see our MODIS leaf area indices page, which describes the leaf area indices derived from the MODIS satellite instrument.

Overview

Prior to the official release of GEOS-Chem v9-01-03, GEOS-Chem used leaf area index data in the following manner:

LAI used by dry deposition and soil NOx emissions

Prior to April 2012, GEOS-Chem used leaf area index (LAI) data from separate sources. The dry deposition and soil NOx emissions modules utilized the data stored in ASCII files named lai*.global. These files (one per month) were created (using offline IDL routines) for each specific GEOS-Chem grid configuration (i.e. 4° x 5°, 2° x 2.5°, and 0.5° x 0.666° nested grids, etc.). The lai*.global files were read from disk by routines readlai.F and rdlai.F, which saved the LAI data into arrays named XLAI (in CMN_DEP_mod.F) and XYLAI (in CMN_VEL_mod.F).

The XLAI and XYLAI arrays contain leaf area index as a function of Olson land type (cf Olson 1992 land map). The XLAI array has dimensions (IIPAR,JJPAR,NTYPE), where IIPAR is the number of longitudes in the horizontal grid, JJPAR is the number of latitudes, and NTYPE is the number of individual Olson land types per each GEOS-Chem grid box. The XYLAI array contained the same data as in XYLAI, but for historical reasons was dimensioned with only one spatial dimension: (IIPAR*JJPAR,NTYPE).

Please note that there is a direct correspondence between the LAI data stored in the lai*.global files (and saved into XLAI and XYLAI arrays) and the Olson land map. Therefore, if you are using the Olson 1992 land map (native resolution 0.5° x 0.5°, default in GEOS-Chem), then you must also use LAI data at 0.5° x 0.5° native resolution. On the other hand, if you are using the Olson 2001 land map (native resolution 0.25° x 0.25°), then you must also use LAI data at 0.25° x 0.25° resolution.

GEOS-Chem users had the option to use either LAI data from the AVHRR satellite instrument or the MODIS satellite instrument. Individual sets of lai*.global files were prepared for both AVHRR LAI and MODIS LAI data. Users could select either AVHRR LAI or MODIS LAI with a switch in the input.geos file. Customary usage is to select the MODIS LAI data, for reasons explained HERE.

--Bob Y. 14:57, 21 May 2012 (EDT)

LAI used by MEGAN biogenic emissions

The MEGAN biogenic emissions module also relies on MODIS LAI data. Prior to April 2012, routine RDISOLAI (in lai_mod.F) read MODIS LAI at 1° x 1° native resolution from files in binary punch format. The LAI data was regridded on-the-fly to GEOS-Chem resolution and stored in arrays named ISOLAI (daily LAI), PMISOLAI (LAI for previous month), MISOLAI (LAI for this month), and NMISOLAI (LAI for next month), all contained within module lai_mod.F. The MEGAN module took the MODIS LAI data directly from these arrays.

When modifications were made for the GEOS-5 0.5° x 0.666° nested grids, separate subroutines were added into lai_mod.f to read from LAI data sets that were specifically regridded to each 0.5° x 0.666° nested grid window (China/SE Asia, N. America, and Europe). This added another layer of complexity on top of an somewhat already overburdened code.

--Bob Y. 14:58, 21 May 2012 (EDT)

LAI used by the mercury simulation

Prior to April 2012, in the GEOS-Chem mercury simulation, the routine which computes Hg emission from soils (SOILEMIS, in module land_mercury_mod.F) used the daily averaged LAI (stored in the ISOLAI array of lai_mod.F) in order to attenuate solar radiation. As mentioned above, this LAI data was first read in from disk at 1° x 1° resolution and then regridded to the current GEOS-Chem resolution. --Bob Y. 14:59, 21 May 2012 (EDT)

Issues that needed to be resolved

These different sources of LAI data (i.e. one data set stored in the lai*.global files at GEOS-Chem resolution, one data stored in binary files at 1° x 1° native resolution, and the special data sets for the 0.5° x 0.666° nested grids) presented an inconsistency that had to be resolved in order for GEOS-Chem development to advance towards full grid independence.

Furthermore, for the Grid-independent GEOS-Chem project we must migrate away from ASCII files (which prevent efficient interfacing with external GCMs). We also cannot assume any particular horizontal grid, since that is now to be specified by the external GCM. Therefore, we must instead read the LAI data from disk at the same native resolution, and from this, populate the arrays that are used by the dry deposition, soil NOx emissions, and MEGAN biogenic emissions modules.

Finally, to facilitate simulations at ultra-fine horizontal resolution, we will eventually adopt the Olson 2001 land map, which has a native resolution of 0.25° x 0.25°. We will also use an updated version of the MODIS LAI data at 0.25 x 0.25 resolution. We needed to have a flexible mechanism that will allow us to switch between LAI data at different native horizontal resolutions.

--Bob Y. 15:01, 21 May 2012 (EDT)

Implementation of an updated LAI code

This update was tested in the 1-month benchmark simulation v9-01-03j and approved on 17 Apr 2012.

To resolve the issues discussed in the preceding section, the GEOS-Chem Support Team has created the following new GEOS-Chem modules:

olson_landmap_mod.F90

Used to read in the Olson land cover map directly from netCDF files at its native resolution (0.5° x 0.5° if using Olson 1992, 0.25° x 0.25° if using Olson 2001). This removes the need for obsolete ASCII files. Please see our Olson land map wiki page for a complete description.

modis_lai_mod.F90

This module replaces the existing GEOS-Chem module lai_mod.F. Using the Olson land map information supplied by olson_landmap_mod.F90, the routines in modis_lai_mod.F90 perform the following tasks:

1. Read MODIS LAI data from netCDF files at its native resoluton (either 0.5° x 0.5° or 0.25° x 0.25°, depending on which Olson land map version is used)
2. Regrid MODIS LAI data to the current GEOS-Chem resolution on-the-fly.
3. Populate the XLAI array for backwards compatibility with the existing legacy Dry deposition and Soil NOx emissions modules.
4. Populate LAI arrays that are needed for MEGAN biogenic emissions and the Mercury simulation.

mapping_mod.F90

Used to pass land type and regridding information from olson_landmap_mod.F90 to modis_lai_mod.F90.

For the MEGAN biogenic emissions and Mercury simulations, we have now replaced variables from lai_mod.F with the corresponding variables from modis_lai_mod.F90 as shown in this table:

Variable	Type	Which stores this quantity	In this module	Is now replaced by	In this module
ISOLAI	array	Daily interpolated leaf area index [cm2 cm-2]	lai_mod.F	GC_LAI	modis_lai_mod.F90
PMISOLAI	array	Previous month's leaf area index, as read from disk [cm2 cm-2]	lai_mod.F	GC_LAI_PM	modis_lai_mod.F90
MISOLAI	array	Current month's leaf area index, as read from disk [cm2 cm-2]	lai_mod.F	GC_LAI_CM	modis_lai_mod.F90
NMISOLAI	array	Next month's leaf area index, as read from disk [cm2 cm-2]	lai_mod.F	GC_LAI_NM	modis_lai_mod.F90
DAYS_BTW_M	scalar	# of days between the start of 2 successive LAI months	lai_mod.F	DAYS_BTW_MON	modis_lai_mod.F90

We have also taken the opportunity to replace the obsolete XYLAI array with XLAI, which has allowed us to retire the obsolete legacy code module CMN_VEL_mod.F. We will keep the XLAI array for compatibility with the dry deposition module for the foreseeable future (at least until the dry deposition module is modernized).

--Bob Y. 15:11, 17 December 2012 (EST)

Validation

The following sections describe how we have validated the new leaf area index scheme in GEOS-Chem.

Using Olson 1992 land map

NOTE: The new leaf area index algorithm with Olson 1992 land map was also validated with 1-month benchmark v9-01-03j.

We have tested the implementation of the new LAI scheme with 1-month benchmarks. We used the Olson 1992 land map (which is the default in GEOS-Chem) and MODIS LAI data, both at 0.5° x 0.5° resolution. Here are our results:

1. Because we are now regridding MODIS LAI from finer resolution than 1° x 1°, the LAI stored in arrays in modis_lai_mod.F90 (i.e. in arrays GC_LAI, GC_LAI_PM, GC_LAI_CM and GC_LAI_NM) differ slightly when compared to GEOS-Chem output using LAI that was regridded from 1° x 1°. In general, individual LAI values at a particular grid box will generally agree to the first 3 decimal places. This will cause slight differences in the emissions of biogenic species computed by MEGAN.

2. The plot below compares the LAI (stored in the ISOLAI array of lai_mod.F) from v9-01-03i, to LAI computed by the updated scheme (stored in the GC_LAI array of modis_lai_mod.F90). Monthly mean LAI from v9-01-03i is shown on the top left panel and monthly mean LAI from the updated scheme is shown on the top right panel.

As you can see, maximum difference for this month is less than 0.2 cm² cm^-2. As mentioned in point #1 above, we attribute this to regridding from 0.5° x 0.5° native resolution.

3. We have also confirmed that the updated LAI scheme generates identical XLAI arrays w/r/t the old scheme used in v9-01-03i. This causes the Dry deposition and Soil NOx emissions codes to behave in precisely the same way as before. This is evidenced by the following plot comparing O3 dry deposition velocities (cm s^-1) from GEOS-Chem v9-01-03i (left top panel) and GEOS-Chem with the updated LAI scheme (right top panel).

We have performed a 1-month benchmark (July 2005, using 4° x 5° GEOS-5 met data) using the new LAI scheme and have compared that to v9-01-03i. ISORROPIA was turned off in both simulations to negate the random numerical noise error. The following plots and tables show very minor differences in tracer concentrations and emissions.

Quantity being plotted	Plot	Remarks
Frequency distribution histogram	Click HERE to view	Most species have close to 100% of data points within the central bar. ISOP and its products have some spread, but that is likely due to small numerical differences.
Emissions table	Click HERE to view	NOTE: isoprene emissions
Emissions ratio for isoprene	Click HERE to view	For ISOP, the differences in ratio tend to occur where ISOP concentrations are already very small.
Absolute differences @ surface and 500hPa, all species (using fixed data ranges)	Click HERE to view
Absolute differences @ surface and 500hPa, all species (using the dynamic range of the data)	Click HERE to view	Many species have abs diffs less than +/-0.05 ppbv. The largest differences are ISOP (+/-0.7 ppbC) and CO (+/-0.6 ppbv). These differences are likely well within the level of the uncertainties of the emissions data.
Zonal mean differences, all species (using fixed data ranges)	Click HERE to view
Zonal mean differences, all species (using the dynamic range of the data)	Click HERE to view	All species show very small zonal mean differences, typically +/-0.2 ppbv or less.

Conclusions

1. Neither dry deposition nor soil NOx emissions are responsible for the differences seen in the plots & tables above
2. Regriding LAI from 0.5° x 0.5° (as opposed to 1° x 1&deg) causes slight numerical differences in the daily interpolated LAI values, which in turn, causes minor differences in biogenic emissions computed by MEGAN. This is reponsible for the the differences seen in the plots and tables above.

--Bob Y. 15:12, 13 April 2012 (EDT)

Using Olson 2001 land map

Switching from the Olson 1992 land map to the Olson 2001 land map seems to produce very different results in the GEOS-Chem full-chemistry simulation. The plot below shows the monthly average of daily-interpolated LAI values in a GEOS-Chem simulation with GEOS-5 met fields at 4° x 5° resolution. The left panel shows the monthly-mean LAI from v9-01-03i; the right panel is taken from a 1-month benchmark using the Olson 2001 land map and MODIS LAI (both at 0.25° x 0.25° native resolution). The absolute and percent differences are also plotted.

As you can see there is a marked discrepancy in the LAI values. The new LAI values over the Amazon lower by ~1 cm² cm^-2, and by approximately 0.5 cm² cm^-2 over much of North America.

Eloise Marais wrote:

I think these differences make sense, based on the changes to the Olson 2001 landcover map. The Olson 2001 landcover map defines many of the gridsquares in the tropics as degraded forest, woodlands, or tree crops, leading to a reduction in LAI.

--Emarais 16:59, 13 April 2012 (EDT)

These differences daily LAI also apparently impact the dry deposition velocities, as seen in the following plot. Here we plot the O3 dry deposition velocity (cm s^-1) from v9-01-03i (top left panel) vs. O3 dry deposition velocity computed using the Olson 2001 land map and MODIS LAI, both at 0.25° x 0.25° native resolution:

We have performed a 1-month benchmark (July 2005, using 4° x 5° GEOS-5 met data) using the updated LAI scheme with the Olson 2001 land map, and have compared that to v9-01-03i. ISORROPIA was turned off in both simulations to negate the random numerical noise error. The following plots and tables show substantial differences in tracer concentrations and emissions.

Quantity being plotted	Plot	Remarks
Frequency distribution histogram	Click HERE to view	Many species show significant spread away from the central bar of the histogram.
Emissions table	Click HERE to view	NOTE: isoprene emissions decrease by 3.5 Tg C. Differences of -0.1 to -0.6 ppbC are also apparent in the other biogenic species. Soil NOx emissions decrease by -0.033 Tg N.
Emissions ratio for isoprene	Click HERE to view	In places where isoprene concentrations are already low, the new land map and LAI make these emissions go even lower (often by more than half).
Absolute differences @ surface and 500hPa, all species (using fixed data ranges)	Click HERE to view	NOx changes at the surface by +/-2ppb; Ox by up to +/-6ppb; ISOP by up to -6ppbC over the Amazon.
Absolute differences @ surface and 500hPa, all species (using the dynamic range of the data)	Click HERE to view
Zonal mean differences, all species (using fixed data ranges)	Click HERE to view
Zonal mean differences, all species (using the dynamic range of the data)	Click HERE to view

It should be noted that these differences may not just be due to regridding from 0.25° x 0.25° to 4° x 5° resolution. The Olson 2001 land map uses a different land type numbering system than the Olson 1992 land map, which may cause the dry deposition and emission algorithms to function differently than in previous versions.

--Bob Y. 15:18, 13 April 2012 (EDT)

Eloise Marais wrote:

The isoprene emissions ratio plot (3rd entry in the above table) is reasonable, as the coastal regions experience the largest change in LAI in going from MODIS LAI at 0.5x0.5 degrees to MODIS LAI at 0.25x0.25 degrees as input for estimating isoprene emissions in MEGAN. Regions where isoprene emissions are most important (such as the tropics year-round and the southeast US in JJA) are unchanged by the new MODIS LAI fields.

--Emarais 16:59, 13 April 2012 (EDT)