Ship emissions

This page describes the various ship emissions inventories that have been implemented in GEOS-Chem.

Overview

At present there are several different ship emissions options in GEOS-Chem.

ARCTAS

The ARCTAS pre-mission ship SO2 emissions from David Streets. [Eyring et al, 2005a and 2005b]

Corbett

Ship emissions inventory as described in Corbett et al [1999].

EDGAR

SO2 ship emissions from the EDGAR 3.2 FT2000 global inventory.

EMEP

Ship emissions from the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme).

ICOADS

Emission inventory based on data from the nternational Comprehensive Ocean−Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS), the Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue System (AMVER) data sets [Wang et al, 2008].

Starting with GEOS-Chem v8-01-04, ship-emitted NOx is no longer emitted directly as NOx, but as the combination HNO3 + 10*O3, following Chen et al [2005].

ARCTAS

The ARCTAS pre-mission inventory of SO2 was first introduced in GEOS-Chem v8-01-04.

The source code is contained in file arctas_ship_emiss_mod.f.

For more information about the data, please see the README file: GEOS_1x1/ARCTAS_SHIP_2008/README

Philippe Le Sager wrote:

The ship emission is based on the work by Eyring et al., [2005a and 2005b], which estimates the total international ship emissions for 1985, 1990, 2001, and 2020 (projection). The ship emission for each individual year is interpreted based on the above years, and the spatial pattern (gridded) is mapped based on the EDGAR gridded ship emission for 2000 (total amount from EDGAR is scaled to Eyring-based number).

If you want to reference the work on publication or website, you may either mention Diehl et al. [manuscript in preparation, 2009] or refer to the AeroCom readme document (prepared by Diehl).

Corbett

For more information about this inventory please see: Corbett, J. J., P. S. Fischbeck, and S. N. Pandis, Global nitrogen and sulfur inventories for oceangoing ships, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D3), 3457–3470, 1999.

The Corbett et al data are read from disk by routine READ_SHIP_SO2 in sulfate_mod.f.

For more information about the data files, please see the following README files:

1. GEOS_0.5x0.666_CH/sulfate_sim_200508/README
2. GEOS_0.5x0.666_NA/sulfate_sim_200508/README
3. GEOS_2x2.5/sulfate_sim_200508/README
4. GEOS_4x5/sulfate_sim_200508/README

EDGAR

For more information about the data files, please see the following README document: GEOS_1x1/EDGAR_200607/README

The source code routines that read the EDGAR ship emissions data from disk are:

1. SEASCL_EDGAR_SHIP_SO2 (edgar_mod.f)
2. GET_EDGAR_SHIP_SO2 (edgar_mod.f)

The EDGAR ship SO2 emissions are reported as per year. Routine SEASCL_EDGAR_SHIP_SO2 applies monthly scale factors (which are computed as the ratio of monthly/total ship SO2 emissions from the Corbett et al inventory to the annual EDGAR ship SO2 emissions. This is required to impose aseasonality onto the EDGAR ship SO2 emissions.

EMEP

The EMEP inventory contains ship emissions for NOx, CO, SO2.

The source code is located in file emep_mod.f.

1980 to 1989

EMEP ship data from 1980-1989 emit NOx as pure NOx (and not HNO3 + 10*O3). It was not possible to separate the NOx into HNO3 and O3 from this data set.

See Auvray and Bey [2005] and Vestreng and Klein [2002] for more information.

1990 to 2005

EMEP ship data from 1990-2005 are based on [Vestreng et al, 2007].

For more information about the data, please see the README file: GEOS_1x1/EMEP_200911/README

--Bob Y. 14:40, 24 February 2010 (EST)

ICOADS

The ICOADS ship inventory was first introduced in GEOS-Chem v8-02-03. It contains the species NOx, CO, and SO2. Chulkyu Lee worked on implementing ICOADS into GEOS-Chem.

The source code is in file icoads_ship_mod.f.

For more information about the data, see the README file: GEOS_1x1/ICOADS_200907/README

From Wang et al [2008]:

Ship activity patterns depicted by the International Comprehensive Ocean−Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS), the Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue System (AMVER) data set, and their combination demonstrate different spatial and statistical sampling biases. These differences could significantly affect the accuracy of ship emissions inventories and atmospheric modeling. We demonstrate (using ICOADS) a method to improve global-proxy representativeness by trimming over-reporting vessels that mitigates sampling bias, augment the sample data set, and account for ship heterogeneity. Apparent under-reporting to ICOADS and AMVER by ships near coastlines, perhaps engaged in coastwise (short sea) shipping especially in Europe, indicates that bottom-up regional inventories may be more representative locally. Primarily due to the long time series available publicly for ICOADS data, the improved ICOADS data set may be the most appropriate global ship traffic proxy identified to date to be used for a top-down approach. More generally, these three spatial proxies can be used together to perform uncertainty analyses of ship air-emissions impacts on a global scale (http://coast.cms.udel.edu/GlobalShipEmissions/).

References

1. AEROCOM readme document
2. EMEP web page
3. ICOADS web page
4. Auvray, M., and I. Bey, Long-Range Transport to Europe: Seasonal Variations and Implications for the European Ozone Budget, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11303, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005503, 2005.
5. Chen, G., et al. An investigation of the chemistry of ship emission plumes during ITCT 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S90, doi:10.1029/2004JD005236, 2005.
6. Corbett, J. J., P. S. Fischbeck, and S. N. Pandis, Global nitrogen and sulfur inventories for oceangoing ships, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D3), 3457–3470, 1999.
7. Eyring, V., H. W. Kšhler, J. van Aardenne, and A. Lauer, Emissions from international shipping: 1. The last 50 years, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D17305, doi:10.1029/2004JD005619, 2005a.
8. Eyring, V., H. W. Kšhler, A. Lauer, and B. Lemper, Emissions from international shipping: 2. Impact of future technologies on scenarios until 2050, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D17306, doi:10.1029/2004JD005620, 2005b.
9. Olivier, J.G.J. and J.J.M. Berdowski, Global emissions sources and sinks. In: Berdowski, J., Guicherit, R. and B.J. Heij (eds.) The Climate System, pp. 33-78. A. A. Balkema Publishers/Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, Lisse, The Netherlands., 2001
10. Vestreng, V., and H. Klein (2002), Emission data reported to UNECE/EMEP: Quality insurance and trend analysis and presentation of Web-Dab, MSC-W Status Rep. 2002:, 101 pp., Norw. Meteorol. Inst., Oslo, Norway. PDF
11. Vestreng et al., EMEP 2005 expert emissions, 2007. (need full citation!)
12. Wang, C., J. J. Corbett, and J. Firestone, Improving Spatial representation of Global Ship Emissions Inventories, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42 (1), 193-199, 2008. Link

--Bob Y. 12:46, 23 February 2010 (EST)

Known issues

Minor fixes for EMEP ship emissions

Please see these posts about minor bug fixes for EMEP ship emissions in v8-02-04 in v8-02-05.

--Bob Y. 10:08, 25 February 2010 (EST)

Bug for ship emissions in emfossil.f

Geert Vinken wrote:

Problem: The ship NOx emissions are as HNO3 and O3. These are stored in the EMISRR array when the other NOx emissions are determined. However, when later on the HNO3 and O3 emissions are determined these entries in the EMISRR arrays are overwritten. This way the ship HNO3 and O3 emissions are lost and consequently no ship emissions are present in the model!

Code problem: In emissdr.f (line258) the fossil fuel emissions are called for all the emitted species.

   IF ( LANTHRO ) THEN
      DO N = 1, NEMANTHRO
         NN = IDEMS(N)

         IF ( NN /= 0 ) THEN
             CALL EMFOSSIL( I, J, N, NN, IREF, JREF, JSCEN )
         ENDIF
      ENDDO           
   ENDIF

In emfossil.f the work array is initialized in line 525:

         ! Initialize work variables
         EMX(:)  = 0d0

And then in line 814 the EMISRR(I,J,N) array is overwritten with the work array:

         EMISRR(I,J,N) = EMX(1) * XNUMOL(NN) / DTSRCE

Here the present HNO3 and O3 emissions from the NOx emissions are thus overwritten.

Fix: I think the following should fix this, as the EMISRR array is zeroed in every call to emissdr.f this should give no problems:

            !--------------------------------------------------------------
            ! Store in EMISRR array and archive diagnostics
            !--------------------------------------------------------------
   !--- Prior to (gvinken, 11/16/10). Emissions already present in EMISRR
   !     no longer get overwritten.
   !         EMISRR(I,J,N) = EMX(1) * XNUMOL(NN) / DTSRCE
            EMISRR(I,J,N) = EMISRR(I,J,N) + EMX(1) * XNUMOL(NN) / DTSRCE

This fix will be incorporated into an upcoming GEOS-Chem version. We will also issue a patch shortly.

--Bob Y. 12:00, 16 November 2010 (EST)