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This page describes the TOMAS aerosol microphysics option in GEOS-Chem.  TOMAS is one of two aerosol microphysics packages being incorporated into GEOS-Chem, the other being [[APM aerosol microphysics|APM]].
 +
 
== Overview ==
 
== Overview ==
  
The TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics package was developed for implementation into GEOS-Chem at Carnegie-Mellon University. Using a moving sectional and moment-based approach, TOMAS tracks two independent moments (number and mass) of the aerosol size distribution for 30 size bins. It also contains codes to simulate nucleation, condensation, and coagulation processes. The aerosol species that are considered with 30-bin size resolution are sulfate, sea-salt, BC/OC, EC, and dust.  
+
The TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics package was developed for implementation into GEOS-Chem at Carnegie-Mellon University. Using a moving sectional and moment-based approach, TOMAS tracks two independent moments (number and mass) of the aerosol size distribution for a number of discrete size bins. It also contains codes to simulate nucleation, condensation, and coagulation processes. The aerosol species that are considered with high size resolution are sulfate, sea-salt, OC, EC, and dust. An advantage of TOMAS is the full size resolution for all chemical species and the conservation of aerosol number, the latter of which allows one to construct aerosol and CCN number budgets that will balance.
  
'''Authors and collaborators:'''
+
=== Authors and collaborators ===
 
* [mailto:petera@andrew.cmu.edu Peter Adams]  ''(Carnegie-Mellon U.)''  -- Principal Investigator
 
* [mailto:petera@andrew.cmu.edu Peter Adams]  ''(Carnegie-Mellon U.)''  -- Principal Investigator
* [mailto:wtrivita@staffmail.ed.ac.uk Win Trivitayanurak] ''(Carnegie-Mellon U. -- now at U. Edinburgh)''
+
* [mailto:win.t@chula.ac.uk Win Trivitayanurak] ''(Chulalongkorn University, Thailand)''
* [mailto:dwesterv@andrew.cmu.edu Dan Westervelt] ''(Carnegie-Mellon U.)''
+
* [mailto:danielmw@princeton.edu Dan Westervelt] ''(Princeton University, formerly Carnegie-Mellon U.)''
* [mailto:jeffrey.pierce@dal.ca Jeffrey Pierce] ''(Dalhousie U.)''
+
* [mailto:jeffrey.pierce@colostate.edu Jeffrey Pierce] ''(CSU/Dalhousie U.)''  
 +
* [mailto:jkodros@atmos.colostate.edu Jack Kodros] ''(CSU)''
 +
* [mailto:sal.farina@gmail.com Salvatore Farina] ''(Colorado State U.)''
 +
*Marguerite Marks (CMU)
  
Questions regarding TOMAS can be directed at Dan (e-mail linked above).
 
  
 
--[[User:Dan Westervelt|Dan W.]] 11:53, 27 January 2010 (EST)
 
--[[User:Dan Westervelt|Dan W.]] 11:53, 27 January 2010 (EST)
  
== Tracers ==
+
=== TOMAS User Groups ===
  
TOMAS is a simulation type 3 and utilizes 310 tracers. Each aerosol species requires 30 tracers for the 30 bin size resolution. Here is the (abbreviated) default setup in input.geos (see run.Tomas directory):
+
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
 +
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
 +
!User Group
 +
!Personnel
 +
!Projects
 +
|-valign="top"
 +
|[http://www.ce.cmu.edu/%7Eadams/ Carnegie-Mellon University]
 +
|[http://www.ce.cmu.edu/%7Eadams/people.htm#peter Peter Adams]<br>[http://www.ce.cmu.edu/~dwesterv/Site/Home.html Dan Westervelt]
 +
| [http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/13/8333/2013/acpd-13-8333-2013.html New particle formation evaluation in GC-TOMAS] <br> Sensitivity of CCN to nucleation rates <br> Development of number tagging and source apportionment model for GC-TOMAS
 +
|-valign="top"
 +
|[http://www.atmos.colostate.edu/faculty/pierce.php Colorado State]
 +
|[http://pierce.atmos.colostate.edu/ Jeffrey Pierce]<br>Sal Farina<br>[http://www.engr.colostate.edu/~jkodros/index.html Jack Kodros]
 +
|Sensitivity of CCN to condensational growth rates <br> TOMAS parallelization <br> Aerosol radiative effects
 +
|-valign="top"
 +
|Add yours here
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|}
  
Tracer #  Description        MW (g/mol)
+
--[[User:Bmy|Bob Y.]] 16:35, 12 May 2014 (EDT)
40        H2SO4              98.0
+
41-70      Number            1.0
+
71-100    Sulfate            96.0
+
101-130    Sea-salt          58.5
+
131-160    Hydrophilic EC    12.0
+
161-190    Hydrophobic EC    12.0
+
191-210    Hydrophilic OC    12.0
+
211-240    Hydrophobic OC    12.0
+
241-271    Mineral dust      100.0
+
271-310    Aerosol water      18.0
+
  
--[[User:Dan Westervelt|Dan W.]] 21:08, 28 January 2010 (EST)
+
== TOMAS-specific setup ==
 +
TOMAS has its own run directories (run.Tomas) that can be downloaded from the Harvard FTP. The <tt>input.geos</tt> file will look slightly different from standard GEOS-Chem, and between versions.
  
== Implementation notes ==
+
Pre- v9.02:
 +
To turn on TOMAS, see the "Microphysics menu" in <tt>input.geos</tt> and make sure TOMAS is set to '''T'''.
  
As of Jan 27, 2010, TOMAS is currently being implemented into [[GEOS-Chem v8-02-05]] (version in testing).  
+
v9.02 and later:
 +
TOMAS is enabled or disabled at compile time - the TOMAS flag in input.geos has been removed.
  
=== Code structure ===
 
  
The main-level <tt>Code</tt> directory has now been divided into several subdirectories:
+
TOMAS is a simulation type 3 and utilizes 171-423 tracers. Each aerosol species requires 30 tracers for the 30 bin size resolution, 12 for the 12 bin, etc. Here is the (abbreviated) default setup in input.geos for TOMAS-30 in v9.02 and later (see run.Tomas directory):
  
  GeosCore/   GEOS-Chem "core" routines
+
  Tracer #  Description 
GeosTomas/   Parallel copies of GEOS-Chem routines that reference TOMAS
+
   1- 62    Std Geos Chem  
  GeosUtil/   "Utility" modules (e.g. error_mod.f, file_mod.f, time_mod.f, etc.
+
      63    H2SO4             
  Headers/     Header files (define.h, CMN_SIZE, CMN_DIAG, etc.)
+
   64- 93    Number           
  KPP/        KPP solver directory structure
+
  94-123    Sulfate           
  bin/        Directory where executables are placed
+
  124-153   Sea-salt         
  doc/        Directory where documentation is created
+
  154-183    Hydrophilic EC      
  help/        Directory for GEOS-Chem Help Screen
+
  184-213    Hydrophobic EC   
  lib/        Directory where library files are placed
+
  214-243    Hydrophilic OC   
mod/        Directory where module files are placed
+
  244-273    Hydrophobic OC   
obsolete/   Directory where obsolete versions of code are archived
+
  274-303    Mineral dust     
 +
  304-333   Aerosol water
  
Because there were a lot of TOMAS-related modifications in several GEOS-Chem "core" routines, the routines that need to "talk" to TOMAS were placed into a separate subdirectory named <tt>GeosTomas/</tt>.  The files in <tt>GeosTomas</tt> are:
+
TOMAS-40 requires 423 tracers (~360 TOMAS tracers for each of the 40-bin species, and ~62 standard GEOS-Chem tracers)
  
Files:
+
--[[User:Salvatore Farina|Salvatore Farina]] 18:48, 8 July 2013 (EDT)
------
+
Makefile            -- GEOS-Chem routines that have been
+
aero_drydep.f          modified to reference the TOMAS aerosol
+
carbon_mod.f          microphysics package.  These are kept
+
chemdr.f              in a separate GeosTomas directory so that
+
chemistry_mod.f        they do not interfere with the routines
+
cleanup.f              in the GeosCore directory.
+
diag3.f
+
diag_mod.f            The GeosTomas directory only needs to
+
diag_pl_mod.f          contain the files that have been modified
+
drydep_mod.f          for TOMAS.  The Makefile will look for
+
dust_mod.f            all other files from the GeosCore directory
+
emissions_mod.f        using the VPATH option in GNU Make.
+
gamap_mod.f
+
initialize.f          NOTE to GEOS-Chem developers: When you
+
input_mod.f            make changes to any of these routines
+
isoropia_mod.f        in the GeosCore directory, you must also
+
logical_mod.f          make the same modifications to the
+
ndxx_setup.f          corresponding routines in the GeosTomas
+
planeflight_mod.f      directory.
+
seasalt_mod.f
+
sulfate_mod.f          Maybe in the near future we can work
+
tomas_mod.f            towards integrating TOMAS into the GeosCore
+
tomas_tpcore_mod.f90  directory more cleanly.  However, due to
+
tpcore_mod.f          the large number of modifications that were
+
tpcore_window_mod.f    necessary for TOMAS, it was quicker to
+
tracerid_mod.f        implement the TOMAS code in a separate
+
wetscav_mod.f          subdirectory.   
+
xtra_read_mod.f            -- Bob Y. (1/25/10)
+
  
Each of these files were merged with the corresponding files in the <tt>GeosCore</tt> subdirectory.  Therefore, in addition to having the GEOS-Chem modifications from [[GEOS-Chem v8-02-05|v8-02-05]], these files also have the relevant TOMAS references.
+
== Implementation notes ==
 
+
A few technical considerations dictated the placing of these files into a separate <tt>GeosTomas/</tt> directory:
+
  
* The ND60 diagnostic in the standard GEOS-Chem code (in <tt>GeosCore/</tt>) is now used for the CH4 offline simulation, but in TOMAS it's used for something else.
+
#The original implementation and validation of TOMAS had been done for version [[GEOS-Chem v8-03-01]], which was released on 24 Feb 2010.
* Some parameters needed to be declared differently with for simulations with TOMAS.  
+
#TOMAS was completely re-integrated into [[GEOS-Chem v9-02]], which was released on 03 Mar 2014.
* Because not all GEOS-Chem users will choose to use TOMAS, we did not want to unnecessarily bog down the code in <tt>GeosCore/</tt> with references to TOMAS-specific routines.
+
#TOMAS was re-integrated into [[GEOS-Chem v10-01]] to become compatible with HEMCO.
 +
#Updates to TOMAS to use the SOAP/SOAS tracers were made for [[GEOS-Chem v11-02]] (not yet released).  
  
All of these concerns could be best solved by keeping parallel copies of the affected routines in the <tt>GeosTomas</tt> directory.
+
=== Update April 2013 ===
  
--[[User:Bmy|Bob Y.]] 10:36, 27 January 2010 (EST)
+
<span style="color:green">'''''This update was tested in the 1-month benchmark simulation [[GEOS-Chem_v9-02_benchmark_history#v9-02k|v9-02k]] and approved on 07 Jun 2013.'''''</span>
  
=== Building GEOS-Chem with TOMAS ===
+
Sal Farina has been working with the GEOS-Chem Support Team to inline the TOMAS aerosol microphysics code into the <tt>GeosCore</tt> directory.  All TOMAS-specific sections of code are now segregated from the rest of GEOS-Chem with C-preprocessor statements such as:
  
The <tt>VPATH</tt> feature of [http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html GNU Make] is used to simplify the compilation. When GEOS-Chem is compiled with the TOMAS option, the GNU Make utility will search for files in the <tt>GeosTomas/</tt> directory first.  If it cannot find files there, it will then search the <tt>GeosCore/</tt> directory. Thus, if we make a change to a "core" GEOS-Chem routine in the <tt>GeosCore/</tt> subdirectory (say in <tt>dao_mod.f</tt> or <tt>diag49_mod.f</tt>), then those changes will automatically be applied when you build GEOS-Chem with TOMAS.  Thus, we only need to keep in <tt>GeosTomas/</tt> separate copies of those files that have to "talk" with TOMAS.
+
  #if defined( TOMAS )
 
+
Several new targets were added to the <tt>Makefile</tt> in the top-level <tt>Code/</tt> directory:
+
 
+
#=============================================================================
+
# Targets for TOMAS aerosol microphysics code (win, bmy, 1/25/10)
+
#=============================================================================
+
+
.PHONY: tomas libtomas exetomas cleantomas
+
+
tomas:
+
        @$(MAKE) -C $(GEOSTOM) TOMAS=yes all
+
 
   
 
   
  libtomas:
+
  # if defined( TOMAS40 )
        @$(MAKE) -C $(GEOSTOM) TOMAS=yes lib
+
  ... Code for 40 bin TOMAS simulation (optional) goes here ...
 +
# elif defined( TOMAS12 )
 +
  ... Code for 12 bin TOMAS simulation (optional) goes here ...
 +
# elif defined( TOMAS15 )
 +
  ... Code for 15 bin TOMAS simulation (optional) goes here ...
 +
# else
 +
  ... Code for 30 bin TOMAS simulation (default) goes here ...
 +
# endif
 
   
 
   
  exetomas:
+
  #endif
        @$(MAKE) -C $(GEOSTOM) TOMAS=yes exe
+
+
cleantomas:
+
        @$(MAKE) -C $(GEOSTOM) TOMAS=yes clean
+
  
You can build GEOS-Chem with the TOMAS option by typing:
 
  
make TOMAS=yes ...
+
TOMAS is now invoked by compiling GEOS-Chem with one of the following options:
  
This will automatically do the proper things to build the TOMAS code into GEOS-Chem, such as:
+
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
 +
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
 +
!width="250px"|Command
 +
!width="450px"|Result
 +
|-valign="top"
 +
|<tt>make -j4 TOMAS=yes ...</tt>
 +
|Compiles GEOS-Chem for the 30 bin (default) TOMAS simulation
 +
|-valign="top"
 +
|<tt>make -j4 TOMAS12=yes ...</tt>
 +
|Compiles GEOS-Chem for the 12 bin (optional) TOMAS simulation
 +
|-valign="top"
 +
|<tt>make -j4 TOMAS15=yes ...</tt>
 +
|Compiles GEOS-Chem for the 15 bin (optional) TOMAS simulation
 +
|-valign="top"
 +
|<tt>make -j4 TOMAS40=yes ...</tt>
 +
|Compiles GEOS-Chem for the 40 bin (optional) TOMAS simulation
 +
|}
  
* Adding a <tt>-DTOMAS</tt> C-preprocessor switch to the <tt>FFLAGS</tt> compiler flag settings in <tt>Makefile_header.mk</tt>.  This will cause TOMAS-specific areas of code to be turned on.
+
The <tt>-j4</tt> in the above examples tell the GNU Make utility to compile 4 files at a timeThis reduces the overall compilation time.
* Turning off OpenMP parallelization.  For now the GEOS-Chem + TOMAS code needs to be run on a single processorWe continue to work on parallelizing the code.
+
* Calling the Makefile in the <tt>GeosTomas/</tt> subdirectory to build the executable.  The executable file is now named <tt>geostomas</tt> in order to denote that the TOMAS code is built in.
+
  
The GEOS-Chem + TOMAS has been built on the following compilers
+
All files in the old <tt>GeosTomas/</tt> directory have now been deleted, as these have been rendered obsolete.
  
* Intel Fortran compiler v10
+
These updates are included in [[GEOS-Chem v9-02]].  These modifications will not affect the existing GEOS-Chem simulations, as all TOMAS code is not compiled into the executable unless you compile with one of the TOMAS options (described in the above table) at compile time.
* SunStudio 12
+
  
--[[User:Bmy|Bob Y.]] 10:36, 27 January 2010 (EST)
+
--[[User:Salvatore Farina|Salvatore Farina]] 13:49, 4 June 2013 (EDT)<br>
 +
--[[User:Bmy|Bob Y.]] 16:39, 12 May 2014 (EDT)
  
 
== Computational Information ==
 
== Computational Information ==
  
GC-TOMAS v8-02-05 on a single 2.6 GHz processor:
+
GC-TOMAS v9-02 (30 sections) on 8 processors:
*36 hours of real time per month of model simulation time
+
*4.3 GB RAM per simulation (with full diagnostic output)
+
*3.8 GB RAM per simulation (with minimal diagnostic output)
+
  
"Full diagnostic" refers to recording output for optical depths, J-values, wet and dry deposition, tracer concentrations, and microphysical processes (nucleation rates, condensation, coagulation).
+
*One year simulation = 7-8 days wall clock time
  
"Minimal diagnostic" refers to recording output for all of the above except wet and dry deposition.
+
More speedups are available using lower aerosol size resolution
  
--[[User:Dan Westervelt|Dan W.]] 20:40, 10 February 2010 (EST)
+
--[[User:Dan Westervelt|Dan W.]] 11:00, 07 May 2013 (EST)
  
== Microphysics Routines ==
 
The aerosol microphysics code is largely contained within the file <tt>tomas_mod.f</tt>. Tomas_mod and its subroutines are modular -- they use all their own internal variables
 
  
=== Aerophys ===
+
GC-TOMAS v9-02 on 16 processors (glooscap)
The aerophys routine is where each individual microphysical process is called within the code. Since H2SO4 is the main condensing species, H2SO4 concentrations are calculated using a pseudo-steady state approach as described in Pierce and Adams, 2009, ''AS&T''. Within this routine, nucleation, condensation, and coagulation are calculated at each time step. <tt>Cond_nuc</tt> is called for coupled nucleation-condensation. Nucleation schemes can either be binary (Vehkamaki et al 2002) or ternary (Napari et al 2002). There is a switch for this in the variable declarations. For nucleation, a parameterization (Kerminen et al 2004) is used to determine the flux of new particles to the first size bin.
+
  
--[[User:Dan Westervelt|Dan W.]] 22:36, 28 January 2010 (EST)
+
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
 +
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
 +
!width="150px"|Simulation
 +
!width="200px"|Wall time / simulation year
 +
|-
 +
|TOMAS12 (optional)
 +
|2.8 days
 +
|-
 +
|TOMAS15 (optional)
 +
|3.3 days
 +
|-
 +
|TOMAS30 (default)
 +
|6.1 days
 +
|-
 +
|TOMAS40 (optional)
 +
|7.8 days
 +
 
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
--[[User:Salvatore Farina|Salvatore Farina]] 15:51, 3 March 2014 (EST)
 +
 
 +
== Microphysics Code==
 +
The aerosol microphysics code is largely contained within the file <tt>tomas_mod.f</tt>. Tomas_mod and its subroutines are modular -- they use all their own internal variables. For details, see tomas_mod.f and comments.
 +
 
 +
=== Nucleation ===
 +
The choice of nucleation theory is selected in the header section of <tt>tomas_mod.f</tt>. The choices are currently binary homogeneous nucleation as in Vehkamaki, 2001 or ternary homogenous nucleation as in Napari et al., 2002. The ternary nucleation rate is typically scaled by a globally uniform tuning factor of 10^-4 or 10^-5. Binary nucleation (Vehkamaki et al. 2002), ion-mediated nucleation (Yu, 2008) and activation nucleation (Kulmala, 2006) are options as well.
 +
 
 +
In TOMAS-12 and TOMAS-30, nucleated particles follow the Kerminen approximation to grow to the smallest size bin.  This has a tendency to overpredict the number of particles in the smallest bins of those models. See Y. H. Lee, J. R. Pierce, and P. J. Adams 2013 [http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/6/893/2013/gmdd-6-893-2013.html here] for more details on the consequences of this.
 +
 
 +
=== Condensation ===
 +
 
 +
=== Coagulation ===
 +
 
 +
--[[User:Dan Westervelt|Dan W.]] 14:08, 9 May 2011 (EST)
  
 
== Validation ==
 
== Validation ==
  
GC-TOMAS [[GEOS-Chem v8-02-05|v8-02-05]] generally compares very well with observations and other models. Please see our [http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/geos/wiki_docs/TOMAS/TOMAS_benchmark_ForHarvard.pdf GC-TOMAS v8-02-05 validation document] for more information and figures.  
+
The following figure documents the performance of GEOS-Chem-TOMAS for predicting aerosol number (N10 = number of particles larger than 10 nm etc.) against measurements at 20 global sites.  Details of observations are in
 +
 
 +
* D'Andrea, S. D., Hakkinen, S. A. K., Westervelt, D. M., Kuang, C., Levin, E. J. T., Kanawade, V. P., Leaitch, W. R., Spracklen, D. V., Riipinen, I., and Pierce, J. R.: ''Understanding global secondary organic aerosol amount and size-resolved condensational behavior'', <u>Atmos. Chem. Phys.</u>, '''13''', 11519-11534, doi:10.5194/acp-13-11519-11534, 2013.
 +
 
 +
[[Image:GEOS-Chem-TOMAS performance update 20140304.png]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
An updated version of this figure is included as Figure 1 in Kodros and Pierce, (2017). Please note that the figure in this paper uses GEOS-Chem v10-01, which included substantial updates to emission inventories (as part of the HEMCO update). Thus, the differences in the comparisons between GEOS-Chem v8-02, v9-03, and v10-01 shown here are not necessarily due to the TOMAS code alone.
 +
 
 +
*Kodros, J. K. and Pierce, J. R.: Important global and regional differences in aerosol cloud-albedo effect estimates between simulations with and without prognostic aerosol microphysics, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., doi:10.1002/2016JD025886, 2017
 +
 
 +
--[[User:Jeff Pierce|Jeff Pierce]] 13:21, 4 March 2014 (MST) <br>
 +
--[[User:Jkodros|Jack Kodros]] 11:30, 11 June 2018 (MST)
 +
 
 +
== Other features of TOMAS ==
 +
Other varieties of TOMAS are suited for specific science questions, for example with nucleation studies where explicit aerosol dynamics are needed for nanometer-sized particles.
 +
 
 +
=== Set-up Guide ===
 +
 
 +
This [[TOMAS setup guide]] was written for users on ACE-NET's Glooscap cluster, but may be more generally applicable.
 +
 
 +
--[[User:Salvatore Farina|Salvatore Farina]] 11:55, 26 July 2013 (EDT)
 +
 
 +
=== Size Resolution ===
 +
 
 +
The different TOMAS simulations (12, 15, 30, 40 size bins) have the following characteristics:
 +
 
 +
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
 +
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
 +
!width="100px"|Simulation
 +
!width="700px"|Size resolution
 +
|-valign="top"
 +
|TOMAS12
 +
|All 7 chemical species have size resolution ranging from 10 nm to 1 µm spanned by 10 logarithmically spaced (mass quadrupling) bins and two supermicron bins. Coarser resolution than TOMAS30 - Improved computation time.
 +
|-valign="top"
 +
|TOMAS15
 +
|Same as TOMAS12 with 3 additional (mass quadrupling) sub-10nm bins with a lower limit ~2nm. Analogous to TOMAS40 with improved computation time.
 +
|-valign="top"
 +
|TOMAS30
 +
|All 7 chemical species have size resolution ranging from 10 nm to 10 µm, spanned by 30 logarithmically spaced (mass doubling) bins.
 +
|-valign="top"
 +
|TOMAS40
 +
|Same as TOMAS30 with 10 additional (mass doubling) sub-10nm bins with a lower limit ~1nm.
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
--[[User:Salvatore Farina|Salvatore Farina]] 12:51, 4 June 2013 (EDT)
  
Below are some results of benchmarking GC-TOMAS with earlier versions of the model as well as observations:
+
=== Nesting and grid size ===
 +
As of v10.01, TOMAS has been implemented and tested on the 4x5, 2x2.5, 0.5x0.667 (North America and Asia), and 0.25x0.3125 (Asian) domains. To the best of our knowledge, these grids should continue working in upcoming releases of GEOS-Chem (including the grid-independent GEOS-Chem). 
  
[[Image:ModelVsObs_v8-02-05.jpg]]
+
=== Sample code ===
 +
To assist new users, sample processing code (in Python) is available for GEOS-Chem-TOMAS output. Specifically, this code reads in GEOS-Chem-TOMAS output and demonstrates some common calculations (such as calculating size distributions, bin diameters, CCN, etc.). The primary focus of this code is to provide a few examples rather than a complete, efficient package. Further, this code was written based on GEOS-Chem-TOMAS v10.01, which outputs monthly tracers in bpch format. We also provide sample IDL scripts to convert bpch files to netCDF using GAMAP routines. Future versions of GEOS-Chem will output netCDF directly, and so these IDL routines will become obsolete. 
  
'''Figure 1: CN10 concentrations predicted by GC-TOMAS v8-02-05 against observations. Descriptions of observational data can be found on p 5454 of Pierce et al, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2007.'''
+
Git repository for sample TOMAS code: https://bitbucket.org/teampierce/sample_processing/src/master/
  
----
+
--[[User:Jkodros|Jack Kodros]] 1:12, 11 June 2018 (MST)
  
[[Image:CCN_v8-02-05.jpg]]
+
=== AOD, CCN post-processing code ===
 +
Codes available for calculating aerosol optical depth using TOMAS predicted aerosol composition and size and Mie Theory. Also CCN concentrations calculated from TOMAS size-resolved composition and Kohler theory. Developed by Yunha Lee and Jeffrey Pierce, adapted for GEOS-Chem output by Jeffrey Pierce.
  
'''Figure 2: Surface layer CCN concentrations at 0.2% supersaturation averaged over the month of January 2006.'''
+
--[[User:Dan Westervelt|Dan W.]] 2:00, 9 May 2011 (EST)
  
--[[User:Dan Westervelt|Dan W.]] 20:13, 10 February 2010 (EST)
+
=== Biomass burning subgrid coagulation switch ===
  
== Previous issues now resolved ==
+
<span style="color:green">'''''This update was included in [[GEOS-Chem_12#12.2.1|GEOS-Chem 12.2.1]], which was released on 28 Feb 2019.'''''</span>
  
=== Segmentation Fault ===
+
Emily Ramnarine created code that allows the "emitted" size distribution in the model be a function of a number of properties that include the mean emissions rate per fire in the grid box. In order to do this, Emily needed to (1) make changes to carbon_mod.F, (2) add a line or few to HEMCO_config.rc, and (3) modify the FINN input files to include the number of fires. This only affects TOMAS simulations. Emily wrote:
You may get an early segfault if your stacksize is not set to either unlimited or a very large number. To avoid this, you either have to change the value of an environmental variable (setenv command in <tt>.cshrc</tt>) or use the <tt>ulimit</tt> command. See [http://wiki.seas.harvard.edu/geos-chem/index.php/Machine_issues_%26_portability#Resetting_stacksize_for_Linux this page] for details.
+
  
--[[User:Dan Westervelt|Dan W.]] 20:20, 10 February 2010 (EST)
+
:This parameterization, based on Sakamoto et al (2016), estimates the amount of near-source, sub-grid scale coagulation happening in a biomass burning plume. Can be turned on or off. When on, the default assumption is that each smoke plume is completely seperate from the others (i.e. there is no overlap of the plumes). There is also an option for all smoke plumes in a grid box to overlap completely. When being used, this parameterization changes the median diameter and modal width of biomass burning emissions to account for coagulation.
  
== Outstanding issues ==
+
'''Reference'''
 +
Ramnarine, E., Kodros, J. K., Hodshire, A. L., Lonsdale, C. R., Alvarado, M. J., and Pierce, J. R., ''Effects of Near-Source Coagulation of Biomass Burning Aerosols on Global Predictions of Aerosol Size Distributions and Implications for Aerosol Radiative Effects'', <u>Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.</u>, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1084, in review, 2018.
  
=== Vertical Grids ===
+
--[[User:Melissa Payer|Melissa Sulprizio]] ([[User talk:Melissa Payer|talk]]) 15:07, 22 February 2019 (UTC)<br>--[[User:Bmy|Bob Yantosca]] ([[User talk:Bmy|talk]]) 18:54, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
Currently, GC-TOMAS is only compatible with the reduced vertical grids:
+
* [http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/geos/doc/man/appendix_3.html#A3.3.1 GEOS3_30L]
+
* [http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/geos/doc/man/appendix_3.html#A3.4.1 GEOS4_30L]
+
* [http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/geos/doc/man/appendix_3.html#A3.5.1 GEOS5_47L]
+
  
Development for the full vertical grids is ongoing.
+
== References ==
  
--[[User:Dan Westervelt|Dan W.]] 20:43, 10 February 2010 (EST)
+
In this section we provide references relevant to TOMAS aerosl microphysics simulations.
  
 +
=== Studies using TOMAS simulations ===
 +
#'''Nucleation in GEOS-Chem:''' Westervelt, D. M., Pierce, J. R., Riipinen, I., Trivitayanurak, W., Hamed, A., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Decesari, S., and Adams, P. J.: ''Formation and growth of nucleated particles into cloud condensation nuclei: model-measurement comparison'', <u>Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.</u>, '''13''', 8333-8386, doi:10.5194/acpd-13-8333-2013, 2013. [http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/13/8333/2013/acpd-13-8333-2013.html LINK]
 +
#'''TOMAS implementation in GEOS-Chem:''' Trivitayanurak, W., Adams, P. J., Spracklen, D. V. and Carslaw, K. S.: ''Tropospheric aerosol microphysics simulation with assimilated meteorology: model description and intermodel comparison'', <u>Atmos. Chem. Phys.</u>, '''8'''(12), 3149-3168, 2008.
 +
#'''TOMAS initial paper, sulfate only:''' Adams, P. J. and Seinfeld, J. H.: ''redicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models'', <u>J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.</u>, '''107'''(D19), -, doi:Artn 4370 Doi 10.1029/2001jd001010, 2002.
 +
#'''TOMAS with sea-salt:''' Pierce, J.R., and Adams P.J., ''Global evaluation of CCN formation by direct emission of sea salt and growth of ultrafine sea salt'', <u>J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.</u>, '''111''' (D6), doi:10.1029/2005JD006186, 2006.
 +
#'''TOMAS with carbonaceous aerosol:''' Pierce, J. R., Chen, K. and Adams, P. J.: ''Contribution of primary carbonaceous aerosol to cloud condensation nuclei: processes and uncertainties evaluated with a global aerosol microphysics model'', <u>Atmos. Chem. Phys.</u>, '''7'''(20), 5447-5466, doi:10.5194/acp-7-5447-2007, 2007.; Trivitayanurak, W. and Adams, P. J.: ''Does the POA–SOA split matter for global CCN formation?'', <u>Atmos. Chem. Phys.</u>, '''14''', 995–1010, doi:10.5194/acp-14-995-2014, 2014.
 +
#'''TOMAS with dust:''' Lee, Y.H., K. Chen, and P.J. Adams, 2009: ''Development of a global model of mineral dust aerosol microphysics''. <u>Atmos. Chem. Phys.</u>, '''8''', 2441-2558, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2441-2009.
 +
#'''TOMAS with SOA:''' D'Andrea, S. D., Hakkinen, S. A. K., Westervelt, D. M., Kuang, C., Levin, E. J. T., Kanawade, V. P., Leaitch, W. R., Spracklen, D. V., Riipinen, I., and Pierce, J. R.: ''Understanding global secondary organic aerosol amount and size-resolved condensational behavior'', <u>Atmos. Chem. Phys.</u>, '''13''', 11519-11534, doi:10.5194/acp-13-11519-11534, 2013.
 +
#'''TOMAS with offline DRE/AIE:''' Kodros, J. K., Cucinotta, R., Ridley, D. A., Wiedinmyer, C. and Pierce, J. R.: ''The aerosol radiative effects of uncontrolled combustion of domestic waste'', <u>Atmos. Chem. Phys.</u>, 16(11), 6771-6784, doi:10.5194/acp-16- 6771-2016, 2016
 +
#'''TOMAS compared to GEOS-Chem standard:''' Kodros, J. K. and Pierce, J. R.: ''Important global and regional differences in aerosol cloud-albedo effect estimates between simulations with and without prognostic aerosol microphysics'', <u>J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.</u>, doi:10.1002/2016JD025886, 2017.
 +
--[[User:Bmy|Bob Y.]] 09:53, 2 June 2014 (EDT), [[User:Wint|Win T.]] 17:18, 28 June 2021 (EDT)
  
== Other versions of TOMAS ==
+
=== Input data used by TOMAS ===
The above has described TOMAS in just one of its many forms. Since TOMAS is completely modular, we have a box model version available as well. Additionally, we have versions with variable size resolutions. A 40-bin version with size resolution down to 1 nm eliminates the need for a parameterization of flux of nucleated particles to the first size bin. For faster computational time, we also have a 15-bin and 12-bin version, which has already been developed in GISS GCM and is coming soon for GEOS-Chem.
+
#Usoskin, I. G. and Kovaltsov, G. A., ''Cosmic ray induced ionization in the atmosphere: Full modeling and practical applications'', <u>J. Geophys. Res.</u>, '''111''', doi:10.1029/2006JD007150, 2006..
 +
#Yu, Fangqun, et al, ''Ion-mediated nucleation in the atmosphere: Key controlling parameters, implications, and look-up table'', <u>J. Geophys. Res.</u>, '''115''', D03206, doi:10.1029/2009JD012630, 2010.
  
--[[User:Dan Westervelt|Dan W.]] 11:58, 19 February 2010 (EST)
+
--[[User:Bmy|Bob Y.]] 17:03, 24 February 2014 (EST)

Latest revision as of 20:18, 22 September 2022

This page describes the TOMAS aerosol microphysics option in GEOS-Chem. TOMAS is one of two aerosol microphysics packages being incorporated into GEOS-Chem, the other being APM.

Overview

The TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics package was developed for implementation into GEOS-Chem at Carnegie-Mellon University. Using a moving sectional and moment-based approach, TOMAS tracks two independent moments (number and mass) of the aerosol size distribution for a number of discrete size bins. It also contains codes to simulate nucleation, condensation, and coagulation processes. The aerosol species that are considered with high size resolution are sulfate, sea-salt, OC, EC, and dust. An advantage of TOMAS is the full size resolution for all chemical species and the conservation of aerosol number, the latter of which allows one to construct aerosol and CCN number budgets that will balance.

Authors and collaborators


--Dan W. 11:53, 27 January 2010 (EST)

TOMAS User Groups

User Group Personnel Projects
Carnegie-Mellon University Peter Adams
Dan Westervelt
New particle formation evaluation in GC-TOMAS
Sensitivity of CCN to nucleation rates
Development of number tagging and source apportionment model for GC-TOMAS
Colorado State Jeffrey Pierce
Sal Farina
Jack Kodros
Sensitivity of CCN to condensational growth rates
TOMAS parallelization
Aerosol radiative effects
Add yours here

--Bob Y. 16:35, 12 May 2014 (EDT)

TOMAS-specific setup

TOMAS has its own run directories (run.Tomas) that can be downloaded from the Harvard FTP. The input.geos file will look slightly different from standard GEOS-Chem, and between versions.

Pre- v9.02: To turn on TOMAS, see the "Microphysics menu" in input.geos and make sure TOMAS is set to T.

v9.02 and later: TOMAS is enabled or disabled at compile time - the TOMAS flag in input.geos has been removed.


TOMAS is a simulation type 3 and utilizes 171-423 tracers. Each aerosol species requires 30 tracers for the 30 bin size resolution, 12 for the 12 bin, etc. Here is the (abbreviated) default setup in input.geos for TOMAS-30 in v9.02 and later (see run.Tomas directory):

Tracer #   Description   
  1- 62    Std Geos Chem 
     63    H2SO4              
 64- 93    Number             
 94-123    Sulfate            
124-153    Sea-salt           
154-183    Hydrophilic EC     
184-213    Hydrophobic EC     
214-243    Hydrophilic OC     
244-273    Hydrophobic OC     
274-303    Mineral dust       
304-333    Aerosol water

TOMAS-40 requires 423 tracers (~360 TOMAS tracers for each of the 40-bin species, and ~62 standard GEOS-Chem tracers)

--Salvatore Farina 18:48, 8 July 2013 (EDT)

Implementation notes

  1. The original implementation and validation of TOMAS had been done for version GEOS-Chem v8-03-01, which was released on 24 Feb 2010.
  2. TOMAS was completely re-integrated into GEOS-Chem v9-02, which was released on 03 Mar 2014.
  3. TOMAS was re-integrated into GEOS-Chem v10-01 to become compatible with HEMCO.
  4. Updates to TOMAS to use the SOAP/SOAS tracers were made for GEOS-Chem v11-02 (not yet released).

Update April 2013

This update was tested in the 1-month benchmark simulation v9-02k and approved on 07 Jun 2013.

Sal Farina has been working with the GEOS-Chem Support Team to inline the TOMAS aerosol microphysics code into the GeosCore directory. All TOMAS-specific sections of code are now segregated from the rest of GEOS-Chem with C-preprocessor statements such as:

#if defined( TOMAS )

# if defined( TOMAS40 ) 
  ... Code for 40 bin TOMAS simulation (optional) goes here ...
# elif defined( TOMAS12 )
  ... Code for 12 bin TOMAS simulation (optional) goes here ...
# elif defined( TOMAS15 )
  ... Code for 15 bin TOMAS simulation (optional) goes here ...
# else
  ... Code for 30 bin TOMAS simulation (default) goes here ...
# endif

#endif 


TOMAS is now invoked by compiling GEOS-Chem with one of the following options:

Command Result
make -j4 TOMAS=yes ... Compiles GEOS-Chem for the 30 bin (default) TOMAS simulation
make -j4 TOMAS12=yes ... Compiles GEOS-Chem for the 12 bin (optional) TOMAS simulation
make -j4 TOMAS15=yes ... Compiles GEOS-Chem for the 15 bin (optional) TOMAS simulation
make -j4 TOMAS40=yes ... Compiles GEOS-Chem for the 40 bin (optional) TOMAS simulation

The -j4 in the above examples tell the GNU Make utility to compile 4 files at a time. This reduces the overall compilation time.

All files in the old GeosTomas/ directory have now been deleted, as these have been rendered obsolete.

These updates are included in GEOS-Chem v9-02. These modifications will not affect the existing GEOS-Chem simulations, as all TOMAS code is not compiled into the executable unless you compile with one of the TOMAS options (described in the above table) at compile time.

--Salvatore Farina 13:49, 4 June 2013 (EDT)
--Bob Y. 16:39, 12 May 2014 (EDT)

Computational Information

GC-TOMAS v9-02 (30 sections) on 8 processors:

  • One year simulation = 7-8 days wall clock time

More speedups are available using lower aerosol size resolution

--Dan W. 11:00, 07 May 2013 (EST)


GC-TOMAS v9-02 on 16 processors (glooscap)

Simulation Wall time / simulation year
TOMAS12 (optional) 2.8 days
TOMAS15 (optional) 3.3 days
TOMAS30 (default) 6.1 days
TOMAS40 (optional) 7.8 days

--Salvatore Farina 15:51, 3 March 2014 (EST)

Microphysics Code

The aerosol microphysics code is largely contained within the file tomas_mod.f. Tomas_mod and its subroutines are modular -- they use all their own internal variables. For details, see tomas_mod.f and comments.

Nucleation

The choice of nucleation theory is selected in the header section of tomas_mod.f. The choices are currently binary homogeneous nucleation as in Vehkamaki, 2001 or ternary homogenous nucleation as in Napari et al., 2002. The ternary nucleation rate is typically scaled by a globally uniform tuning factor of 10^-4 or 10^-5. Binary nucleation (Vehkamaki et al. 2002), ion-mediated nucleation (Yu, 2008) and activation nucleation (Kulmala, 2006) are options as well.

In TOMAS-12 and TOMAS-30, nucleated particles follow the Kerminen approximation to grow to the smallest size bin. This has a tendency to overpredict the number of particles in the smallest bins of those models. See Y. H. Lee, J. R. Pierce, and P. J. Adams 2013 here for more details on the consequences of this.

Condensation

Coagulation

--Dan W. 14:08, 9 May 2011 (EST)

Validation

The following figure documents the performance of GEOS-Chem-TOMAS for predicting aerosol number (N10 = number of particles larger than 10 nm etc.) against measurements at 20 global sites. Details of observations are in

  • D'Andrea, S. D., Hakkinen, S. A. K., Westervelt, D. M., Kuang, C., Levin, E. J. T., Kanawade, V. P., Leaitch, W. R., Spracklen, D. V., Riipinen, I., and Pierce, J. R.: Understanding global secondary organic aerosol amount and size-resolved condensational behavior, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11519-11534, doi:10.5194/acp-13-11519-11534, 2013.

GEOS-Chem-TOMAS performance update 20140304.png


An updated version of this figure is included as Figure 1 in Kodros and Pierce, (2017). Please note that the figure in this paper uses GEOS-Chem v10-01, which included substantial updates to emission inventories (as part of the HEMCO update). Thus, the differences in the comparisons between GEOS-Chem v8-02, v9-03, and v10-01 shown here are not necessarily due to the TOMAS code alone.

  • Kodros, J. K. and Pierce, J. R.: Important global and regional differences in aerosol cloud-albedo effect estimates between simulations with and without prognostic aerosol microphysics, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., doi:10.1002/2016JD025886, 2017

--Jeff Pierce 13:21, 4 March 2014 (MST)
--Jack Kodros 11:30, 11 June 2018 (MST)

Other features of TOMAS

Other varieties of TOMAS are suited for specific science questions, for example with nucleation studies where explicit aerosol dynamics are needed for nanometer-sized particles.

Set-up Guide

This TOMAS setup guide was written for users on ACE-NET's Glooscap cluster, but may be more generally applicable.

--Salvatore Farina 11:55, 26 July 2013 (EDT)

Size Resolution

The different TOMAS simulations (12, 15, 30, 40 size bins) have the following characteristics:

Simulation Size resolution
TOMAS12 All 7 chemical species have size resolution ranging from 10 nm to 1 µm spanned by 10 logarithmically spaced (mass quadrupling) bins and two supermicron bins. Coarser resolution than TOMAS30 - Improved computation time.
TOMAS15 Same as TOMAS12 with 3 additional (mass quadrupling) sub-10nm bins with a lower limit ~2nm. Analogous to TOMAS40 with improved computation time.
TOMAS30 All 7 chemical species have size resolution ranging from 10 nm to 10 µm, spanned by 30 logarithmically spaced (mass doubling) bins.
TOMAS40 Same as TOMAS30 with 10 additional (mass doubling) sub-10nm bins with a lower limit ~1nm.

--Salvatore Farina 12:51, 4 June 2013 (EDT)

Nesting and grid size

As of v10.01, TOMAS has been implemented and tested on the 4x5, 2x2.5, 0.5x0.667 (North America and Asia), and 0.25x0.3125 (Asian) domains. To the best of our knowledge, these grids should continue working in upcoming releases of GEOS-Chem (including the grid-independent GEOS-Chem).

Sample code

To assist new users, sample processing code (in Python) is available for GEOS-Chem-TOMAS output. Specifically, this code reads in GEOS-Chem-TOMAS output and demonstrates some common calculations (such as calculating size distributions, bin diameters, CCN, etc.). The primary focus of this code is to provide a few examples rather than a complete, efficient package. Further, this code was written based on GEOS-Chem-TOMAS v10.01, which outputs monthly tracers in bpch format. We also provide sample IDL scripts to convert bpch files to netCDF using GAMAP routines. Future versions of GEOS-Chem will output netCDF directly, and so these IDL routines will become obsolete.

Git repository for sample TOMAS code: https://bitbucket.org/teampierce/sample_processing/src/master/

--Jack Kodros 1:12, 11 June 2018 (MST)

AOD, CCN post-processing code

Codes available for calculating aerosol optical depth using TOMAS predicted aerosol composition and size and Mie Theory. Also CCN concentrations calculated from TOMAS size-resolved composition and Kohler theory. Developed by Yunha Lee and Jeffrey Pierce, adapted for GEOS-Chem output by Jeffrey Pierce.

--Dan W. 2:00, 9 May 2011 (EST)

Biomass burning subgrid coagulation switch

This update was included in GEOS-Chem 12.2.1, which was released on 28 Feb 2019.

Emily Ramnarine created code that allows the "emitted" size distribution in the model be a function of a number of properties that include the mean emissions rate per fire in the grid box. In order to do this, Emily needed to (1) make changes to carbon_mod.F, (2) add a line or few to HEMCO_config.rc, and (3) modify the FINN input files to include the number of fires. This only affects TOMAS simulations. Emily wrote:

This parameterization, based on Sakamoto et al (2016), estimates the amount of near-source, sub-grid scale coagulation happening in a biomass burning plume. Can be turned on or off. When on, the default assumption is that each smoke plume is completely seperate from the others (i.e. there is no overlap of the plumes). There is also an option for all smoke plumes in a grid box to overlap completely. When being used, this parameterization changes the median diameter and modal width of biomass burning emissions to account for coagulation.

Reference Ramnarine, E., Kodros, J. K., Hodshire, A. L., Lonsdale, C. R., Alvarado, M. J., and Pierce, J. R., Effects of Near-Source Coagulation of Biomass Burning Aerosols on Global Predictions of Aerosol Size Distributions and Implications for Aerosol Radiative Effects, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1084, in review, 2018.

--Melissa Sulprizio (talk) 15:07, 22 February 2019 (UTC)
--Bob Yantosca (talk) 18:54, 28 February 2019 (UTC)

References

In this section we provide references relevant to TOMAS aerosl microphysics simulations.

Studies using TOMAS simulations

  1. Nucleation in GEOS-Chem: Westervelt, D. M., Pierce, J. R., Riipinen, I., Trivitayanurak, W., Hamed, A., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Decesari, S., and Adams, P. J.: Formation and growth of nucleated particles into cloud condensation nuclei: model-measurement comparison, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 13, 8333-8386, doi:10.5194/acpd-13-8333-2013, 2013. LINK
  2. TOMAS implementation in GEOS-Chem: Trivitayanurak, W., Adams, P. J., Spracklen, D. V. and Carslaw, K. S.: Tropospheric aerosol microphysics simulation with assimilated meteorology: model description and intermodel comparison, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8(12), 3149-3168, 2008.
  3. TOMAS initial paper, sulfate only: Adams, P. J. and Seinfeld, J. H.: redicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107(D19), -, doi:Artn 4370 Doi 10.1029/2001jd001010, 2002.
  4. TOMAS with sea-salt: Pierce, J.R., and Adams P.J., Global evaluation of CCN formation by direct emission of sea salt and growth of ultrafine sea salt, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111 (D6), doi:10.1029/2005JD006186, 2006.
  5. TOMAS with carbonaceous aerosol: Pierce, J. R., Chen, K. and Adams, P. J.: Contribution of primary carbonaceous aerosol to cloud condensation nuclei: processes and uncertainties evaluated with a global aerosol microphysics model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7(20), 5447-5466, doi:10.5194/acp-7-5447-2007, 2007.; Trivitayanurak, W. and Adams, P. J.: Does the POA–SOA split matter for global CCN formation?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 995–1010, doi:10.5194/acp-14-995-2014, 2014.
  6. TOMAS with dust: Lee, Y.H., K. Chen, and P.J. Adams, 2009: Development of a global model of mineral dust aerosol microphysics. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2441-2558, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2441-2009.
  7. TOMAS with SOA: D'Andrea, S. D., Hakkinen, S. A. K., Westervelt, D. M., Kuang, C., Levin, E. J. T., Kanawade, V. P., Leaitch, W. R., Spracklen, D. V., Riipinen, I., and Pierce, J. R.: Understanding global secondary organic aerosol amount and size-resolved condensational behavior, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11519-11534, doi:10.5194/acp-13-11519-11534, 2013.
  8. TOMAS with offline DRE/AIE: Kodros, J. K., Cucinotta, R., Ridley, D. A., Wiedinmyer, C. and Pierce, J. R.: The aerosol radiative effects of uncontrolled combustion of domestic waste, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16(11), 6771-6784, doi:10.5194/acp-16- 6771-2016, 2016
  9. TOMAS compared to GEOS-Chem standard: Kodros, J. K. and Pierce, J. R.: Important global and regional differences in aerosol cloud-albedo effect estimates between simulations with and without prognostic aerosol microphysics, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., doi:10.1002/2016JD025886, 2017.

--Bob Y. 09:53, 2 June 2014 (EDT), Win T. 17:18, 28 June 2021 (EDT)

Input data used by TOMAS

  1. Usoskin, I. G. and Kovaltsov, G. A., Cosmic ray induced ionization in the atmosphere: Full modeling and practical applications, J. Geophys. Res., 111, doi:10.1029/2006JD007150, 2006..
  2. Yu, Fangqun, et al, Ion-mediated nucleation in the atmosphere: Key controlling parameters, implications, and look-up table, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D03206, doi:10.1029/2009JD012630, 2010.

--Bob Y. 17:03, 24 February 2014 (EST)