https://wiki.seas.harvard.edu/geos-chem/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Katherine+Travis&feedformat=atomGeos-chem - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T21:29:18ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.24.2https://wiki.seas.harvard.edu/geos-chem/index.php?title=Boundary_layer_mixing&diff=33529Boundary layer mixing2017-06-21T19:34:50Z<p>Katherine Travis: </p>
<hr />
<div>This page describes the planetary boundary layer mixing options in GEOS-Chem.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
At present there are two PBL mixing schemes in GEOS-Chem:<br />
<br />
#TURBDAY (''Dale Allen, U. Maryland''): Full PBL mixing. This is contained in source code file <tt>pbl_mix_mod.f</tt>.<br />
#VDIFF (''Jintai Lin and Michael McElroy''): Non-local PBL mixing scheme. This is contained in the source code files <tt>vdiff_pre_mod.f</tt> and <tt>vdiff_mod.f90</tt>.<br />
<br />
== TURBDAY ==<br />
<br />
The TURBDAY mixing scheme is the default PBL mixing scheme in GEOS-Chem. It can be used with all of the versions of the GEOS meteorology (e.g. GEOS-3, GEOS-4, GEOS-5) and with the GISS/GCAP meteorology.<br />
<br />
To use TURBDAY, make sure you have the following settings in your <tt>input.geos</tt> file:<br />
<br />
Turn on PBL Mixing? : T<br />
=> Use non-local PBL? : F<br />
<br />
=== Description ===<br />
<br />
The TURBDAY algorithm is fairly simple, as described by ''Wu et al'', 2007: <br />
<br />
<blockquote>The treatment of boundary layer turbulence is also different in GEOS and GISS. The mixing depth in GEOS is estimated from the bulk Richardson number with surface friction [''Holtslag and Boville'', 1993] and in the GISS GCM it is estimated on the basis of the vertical profile of turbulent kinetic energy [''Canuto'', 1994; ''Canuto et al.'', 2001]. In either case, GEOS-Chem assumes instantaneous vertical mixing from the surface through the mixing depth [''Bey et al.'', 2001].</blockquote><br />
<br />
Tracer is inputted to the routine in units of mixing ratio <tt>[v/v]</tt>. The PBL depth and related pressure quantities are taken (or derived) from the met field archive. <br />
<br />
At each surface grid box (I,J) location:<br />
<br />
#The total air mass (<tt>AA</tt>) within the PBL is computed.<br />
#The total mass of each tracer N (<tt>CC(N)</tt>) underneath the PBL top pressure is computed.<br />
#The mean mixing ratio of tracer underneath the PBL top is computed. This is just the quotient <tt>CC(N)/AA</tt>.<br />
#The updated concentrations for each tracer N at grid boxes (I,J,L) underneath the PBL top are computed as:<br />
<br />
TRACER(I,J,L,N),new = TRACER(I,J,L,N),old + ( DTC(I,J,L,N) / AD(I,J,L) )<br />
<br />
where<br />
<br />
DTC(I,J,L,N) = [ ALPHA * (mean mixing ratio below PBL) * AD(I,J,L) ] <br />
- [ ALPHA * TRACER(I,J,L,N),old * AD(I,J,L) ]<br />
<br />
AD(I,J,L) = Air mass at grid box (I,J,L)<br />
<br />
ALPHA = Day/night Mixing coefficients. <br />
These are always 1, for full mixing at all times of day.<br />
<br />
DTC = is the change in mass (kg) due to BL mixing, therefore:<br />
DTC/AD = is the change in (v/v) mixing ratio units. <br />
<br />
--[[User:Bmy|Bob Y.]] 12:13, 18 February 2010 (EST)<br />
<br />
=== Validation ===<br />
<br />
See ''Bey et al'' [2001] and ''Wu et al'' [2007] below.<br />
<br />
== VDIFF ==<br />
<br />
The VDIFF scheme is an option in GEOS-Chem. To use VDIFF, make sure you have the following settings in your <tt>input.geos</tt> file:<br />
<br />
Turn on PBL Mixing? : T<br />
=> Use non-local PBL? : T<br />
<br />
=== Description ===<br />
<br />
[mailto:jlin5@seas.harvard.edu Jintai Lin] implemented a 'new' PBL mixing scheme into GEOS-Chem. It is a non-local scheme formulated by ''Holtslag and Boville'' (1993). Unlike the full mixing assumption where emissions, dry depositions and concentrations of individual species are evenly distributed in the PBL (the depth of which being taken from meteorological datasets such as GEOS-5), the non-local scheme considers different states of mixing within the PBL as determined by the static instability. In the case of a stable PBL (e.g., in the night), the scheme shrinks to the well known local scheme developed based on the K-theory, and the derived mixing is weak -- much weaker than full-mixing. In the case of an unstable PBL (e.g., in a typical hot summer afternoon), a 'non-local' term is introduced to account for the PBL-wide mixing triggered by large eddies. In a extremely unstable PBL, the magnitude of mixing is close to full-mixing. The non-local scheme has been shown to be able to simulate relatively well mixing of meteorological parameters and chemical tracers under various conditions of PBL, and is more realistic than the assumption of a fully mixed PBL. Analysis of the two schemes is conducted by Lin et al. (2008, AE) and Lin et al. (2010, AE, accepted).<br />
<br />
How the non-local scheme works: It first calculates the PBL depth, then eddy diffusivity (K) for tracers. K is used later to derive the mixing of tracers. In current GEOS-Chem setup, however, the PBL height is taken from the meteorological datasets rather than being derived with the scheme in order to enhance the consistency with the meteorological datasets. Nonetheless, the user has the choice of turning on the online calculation of PBL height, which option is provided in the code (<tt>vdiff_mod.f</tt>).<br />
<br />
=== Validation ===<br />
<br />
See ''Lin & McElroy'', 2010 below.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
#Bey I., D. J. Jacob, R. M. Yantosca, J. A. Logan, B. Field, A. M. Fiore, Q. Li, H. Liu, L. J. Mickley, and M. Schultz, ''Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated meteorology: Model description and evaluation'', <u>J. Geophys. Res.</u>, '''106''', 23,073-23,096, 2001. [http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/publications/2001/bey2001a.pdf PDF]<br />
#Canuto, V.M., ''Large-eddy simulation of turbulence: A subgrid scale model including shear, vorticity, rotation and buoyancy'', <u>Astrophys. J.</u>, '''428''', 729–752, 1994.<br />
#Canuto, V. M., A. Howard, Y. Cheng, and M. S. Dubovikov, ''Ocean turbulence, part I: One-point closure model—Momentum and heat vertical diffusivities'', <u>J. Phys. Ocean.</u>, '''31''', 1413–1426, 2001.<br />
#Holtslag, A.A.M., and B. Boville, ''Local versus nonlocal boundary layer diffusion in a global climate model'', <u>J. Clim.</u>>, '''6''', 1825–1842, 1993.<br />
#Lin, J.-T., D. Youn, X.-Z. Liang, and D. J. Wuebbles: Global model simulation of summertime U.S. ozone diurnal cycle and its sensitivity to PBL mixing, spatial resolution, and emissions, Atmos. Environ., doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.08.012, August 2008. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH3-4T8JXJT-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=1d4b8eee7e2f0a4984d05305744f1ffb Link]<br />
#Lin, J.-T., and M. McElroy, ''Impacts of boundary layer mixing on pollutant vertical profiles in the lower troposphere: Implications to satellite remote sensing'', <u>Atmospheric Environment</u>, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.009, in press, 2010. [http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/publications/2009/jlin5_2009_AE_1.pdf PDF]<br />
<br />
--[[User:Bmy|Bob Y.]] 14:47, 12 March 2014 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Difference between PBLH and mixing depth ==<br />
The meteorological fields from GEOS provide the depth of the mixed layer (mixing depth), not the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH), even though the variable provided in the files is PBLH. The planetary boundary layer (PBL), is the layer of the atmosphere that interacts with the surface on a time scale of a day or less. The free troposphere has a general slow sinking motion, balancing the few locations where deep convection or frontal lifting injects PBL air to high altitudes. The compressional heating from this sinking air produces a semi-permanent subsidence inversion that caps the PBL and sharply restricts mixing between the PBL and the free troposphere. After sunrise, surface heating erodes the stable residual layer from below, producing an '''unstable mixed layer''' that grows over the morning hours to eventually reach the full depth of the PBL. See Brasseur and Jacob (2016) for this discussion and illustrations. When we discuss the PBL height in terms of mixing, what we actually mean is the mixed layer, and that is what is calculated by the online calculation of PBLH (mixed layer) in Holtslag and Boville (1993) or in the GEOS model.<br />
<br />
== Previous issues that are now resolved ==<br />
<br />
=== Corrected unit conversion bug in calls to SET_CH3Br, SET_BrO for TURBDAY PBL mixing ===<br />
<br />
'''''NOTE: This issue was added as a last-minute fix to [[GEOS-Chem v9-02]], prior to the official release (01 Mar 2013).'''''<br />
<br />
'''''[mailto:seastham@mit.edu Sebastian Eastham] wrote:'''''<br />
<br />
:I was looking through the code for the CH3Br surface boundary condition and I was a little confused. Shouldn't the final argument in the call to <tt>SET_CH3Br</tt> in <tt>main.F</tt> always be <tt>.FALSE.</tt> rather than <tt>ITS_TIME_FOR_UNIT?</tt> It looks like <tt>ITS_TIME_FOR_UNIT</tt> is actually true whenever <tt>SET_CH3Br</tt> is called, and this results in the v/v being supplied when the kg value is needed for <tt>STT</tt> (and therefore in near-zero CH3Br at the surface when it should be of the order of 1-10 pptv).<br />
<br />
After further investigation, we concluded that this issue only affects full-chemistry simulations using <tt>TURBDAY</tt> (aka full PBL) mixing. The quick fix is to pass <tt>.FALSE.</tt> instead of <tt>ITS_TIME_FOR_UNIT()</tt> to routines <tt>SET_CH3Br</tt> and <tt>SET_BrO</tt>. This will ensure that these routines do not overwrite CH3Br and BrO tracers in the boundary layer with a mixing ratio value if the tracers are in kg.<br />
<br />
'''''ALSO NOTE: Most GEOS-Chem simulations (including the [[GEOS-Chem v9-02 benchmark history|1-month and 1-year benchmarks for GEOS-Chem v9-02]]) use the non-local PBL mixing scheme (aka VDIFF), and are therefore unaffected by this bug.'''''<br />
<br />
--[[User:Bmy|Bob Y.]] 10:20, 5 February 2014 (EST)<br />
<br />
== Known issues ==<br />
<br />
=== GEOS-5 PBL heights - diurnal variation of tracers ===<br />
<br />
NOTE: This is a yet-unresolved issue.<br />
<br />
'''''[mailto:philip.sajeev@dal.ca Sajeev Philip] wrote:'''''<br />
<br />
:This addition to the wiki is intended to foster discussion and communication about PBL heights in GEOS met fields. Large differences in the diurnal variation in the GEOS-4 and GEOS-5.2.0 PBL heights are affecting the GEOS-Chem simulations. <br />
<br />
[[Image:Figure1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
:The animated figure above (from Jeff Pierce and Chris Wainwright) shows a map of the percent change in the PBL height between the GEOS-5 and GEOS-4 met fields (for April 2004), calculated as (GEOS5-GEOS4)/GEOS4*100). The solid black vertical line shows the longitude where the local noon is occurring. GEOS-5 is predicting generally much lower PBL heights than GEOS-4 at night, but higher PBL heights during the day over land.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Figure2.jpg]]<br />
<br />
:The figure above shows the mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 concentrations over 588 sites (red line) across the continental US (for 2005 June, GEOS-Chem simulation (v8-03-01) by Aaron van Donkelaar) while using GEOS-5 (blue) and GEOS-4 (green) met fields. We suspect that the large build up of aerosols overnight in GEOS-5 run is related to low PBLH overnight.<br />
<br />
-- Sajeev Philip (April 14, 2011)<br />
<br />
=== Updates on GEOS-5 PBL height & diurnal variation of aerosols ===<br />
<br />
'''''This update was tested in the 1-month benchmark simulation [[GEOS-Chem_v9-02_benchmark_history#v9-02a|v9-02a]] and approved on 16 Oct 2012.'''''<br />
'''''This update is included in Adjoint [[GEOS-Chem_Adjoint_v35 | v35h]].'''''<br />
<br />
'''''[mailto:philip.sajeev@dal.ca Sajeev Philip] wrote:'''''<br />
<br />
:GEOS-5.2.0 (including MERRA)-driven simulations have a high nighttime bias for aerosols (for both full-mixing and non-local mixing schemes) compared with observations. For the full mixing scheme, the bias arises from the low nighttime PBLH. We correct this by restricting the PBLH from dropping below a minimum mechanical mixing depth, defined as a function of local friction velocity (Koracin and Bberkowicz, 1988; Lin and McElroy, 2010). Figure 1 shows the diurnal variation of PBLH compared with observations from the ARM-Southern Great Plains (black line) site (Liu and Liang, 2010). The nighttime shallow PBLH in GEOS-5 is evident (blue line), which is corrected by this method (red line). <br />
<br />
:Figure 2 shows the mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 over 115 sites across the continental U.S. (measurements by Beta Attenuation Mass monitors). The threshold on PBLH reduces the diurnal variation and better matches the diurnal variation in the observations. This approach with the full mixing scheme reduces annual mean PM2.5 and NO3- over North America by 15% and 30% respectively. It also reduces the annual mean bias versus observations for PM2.5 (slope changes from 1.47 to 1.09) and NO3- (slope changes from 2.23 to 1.52). <br />
<br />
:The non-local mixing scheme has an option to recalculate the PBLH online, and it fixes the bias in nighttime PBLH. However, aerosol concentrations are unaffected, partly due to the low sensitivity to PBLH in this scheme. At this time, we recommend use of full mixing scheme with our nocturnal-GEOS-5/MERRA-PBLH-correction.<br />
<br />
:Add the following correction for GEOS-5.2.0 PBLH to line 1452 in a3_read_mod.F (version 9-01-02):<br />
<br />
! PBLH must be greater than a minimum mechanical mixing depth,<br />
! defined as 700*friction velocity (Koracin and Berkowicz, 1988; Lin and McElroy, 2010)<br />
#if defined( GEOS_5 ) <br />
DO J = 1, JJPAR<br />
DO I = 1, IIPAR<br />
PBL(I,J) = max( PBL(I,J), 700d0*USTAR(I,J) )<br />
ENDDO<br />
ENDDO<br />
#endif<br />
<br />
:Add the following correction for MERRA PBLH to line 1081 in merra_a1_mod.F (version 9-01-02):<br />
<br />
! PBLH must be greater than a minimum mechanical mixing depth,<br />
! defined as 700*friction velocity (koracin and berkowicz, 1988; Lin and McElroy, 2010)<br />
DO J = 1, JJPAR<br />
DO I = 1, IIPAR<br />
PBLH(I,J) = max( PBLH(I,J), 700d0*USTAR(I,J) )<br />
ENDDO<br />
ENDDO<br />
<br />
<br />
:#Koracin, D. and R. Berkowicz: 1988, Nocturnal Boundary Layer Height: Observations by Acoustic Sounders and Prediction in Terms of Surface Layer Parameters, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 43, 65-83.<br />
:#Lin, J. T. and McElroy, M. B.: Impacts of boundary layer mixing on pollutant vertical profiles in the lower troposphere: Implications to satellite remote sensing, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1726–1739, 2010.<br />
:#Liu, Shuyan and Xin-Zhong Liang, 2010: Observed Diurnal Cycle Climatology of Planetary Boundary Layer Height. J. Climate, 23, 5790–5809.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|750px]]<br />
[[Image:Figure_2.jpg|750px]]<br />
<br />
-- Sajeev Philip (June 14, 2012)<br />
<br />
'''''Update 10/17/12:''''' This update was tested in the 1-month benchmark simulation [[GEOS-Chem_v9-02_benchmark_history#v9-02a|v9-02a]] and approved on 16 Oct 2012.<br />
<br />
=== Online PBL height calculation in GEOS-Chem ===<br />
<br />
'''''[mailto:philip.sajeev@dal.ca Sajeev Philip] wrote:'''''<br />
<br />
:Here, we test the online PBL height calculation in GEOS-chem. This scheme is based on the TransCom BLH project (courtesy: Erica McGrath-Spangler and Andrea Molod, GMAO). The PBLH is calculated when bulk Richardson number exceeds a critical value (0.25). <br />
<br />
:The figure below shows the comparison of Transcom-based PBLH (red line) with default GEOS-5.2 (blue line) and ARM-SGP in situ data (black line). This scheme fixes the bias in nocturnal GEOS-5.2 PBLH. <br />
<br />
[[Image:FigureA.jpg|750px]]<br />
<br />
-- Sajeev Philip (February 19, 2013)<br />
<br />
=== No emissions during first time step when using non-local PBL mixing ===<br />
<br />
<div style="color: #aa0000; background: #eeeeee;border: 3px solid red; padding: 1em; margin: auto; width: 90%; ">'''<p>This issue will likely be resolved with the implementation of the [[HEMCO|HEMCO emissions component]].</p><p>&mdash; Bob Yantosca, 22 Aug 2014</p>'''</div><br />
<br />
'''''[mailto:cdholmes@uci.edu Chris Holmes] wrote:'''''<br />
<br />
:With non-local PBL mixing, there are *no emissions* during the first mixing and convection time step. Even worse, you can't tell this from the diagnostics, which show emissions as normal. This happens because some emission variables are not initialized until after chemistry runs, so setemis within vdiff_mod can't run. Emissions of all trace gases are affected, at least in v9-01-03. I don't know how long this error has persisted. Resolving this bug requires putting chemistry before PBL mixing in main. For fully decoupling emissions and chemistry code. I tested the reordering solution, but it causes 20% or greater changes in concentration of some species, so I leave this issue to the GCST. The emission and PBL mixing wiki pages should have a warning about this.<br />
<br />
--[[User:Bmy|Bob Y.]] 15:21, 22 August 2014 (EDT)<br />
<br />
=== Mass is not conserved when using non-local PBL mixing ===<br />
<br />
With the implementation of a passive tracer in [[GEOS-Chem_v11-01_benchmark_history#v11-01d-RnPbBe|1-year benchmark v11-01d-RnPbBe]], the [[GEOS-Chem Support Team|GCST]] discovered that mass was increasing slightly with time when using the non-local PBL mixing scheme.<br />
<br />
Date Mass [Tg]<br />
---------- ----------------<br />
2013/01/01 17.6951535823026<br />
2013/02/01 17.6952400372170<br />
2013/03/01 17.6953201985744<br />
2013/04/01 17.6954107544643<br />
2013/05/01 17.6954991096106<br />
2013/06/01 17.6955944212360<br />
2013/07/01 17.6956836386476<br />
2013/08/01 17.6957701832486<br />
2013/09/01 17.6958543081920<br />
2013/10/01 17.6959382433788<br />
2013/11/01 17.6960175288828<br />
2013/12/01 17.6960924124206<br />
2014/01/01 17.6961678562641<br />
<br />
Summary<br />
------------------------------<br />
Max mass = 17.6961678562641 Tg<br />
Min mass = 17.6951535823026 Tg<br />
Abs diff = 1.0142739615 Gg<br />
Pct diff = 0.0057 %<br />
<br />
When the non-local PBL mixing scheme is turned off and full PBL mixing (TURBDAY) is used, we do not see this increase.<br />
<br />
Date Mass [Tg]<br />
---------- ---------<br />
2013/01/01 17.691099<br />
2013/02/01 17.691099<br />
2013/03/01 17.691099<br />
2013/04/01 17.691099<br />
2013/05/01 17.691099<br />
2013/06/01 17.691099<br />
2013/07/01 17.691099<br />
2013/08/01 17.691099<br />
2013/09/01 17.691099<br />
2013/10/01 17.691099<br />
2013/11/01 17.691099<br />
2013/12/01 17.691099<br />
2014/01/01 17.691099<br />
<br />
Summary<br />
------------------------------<br />
Max mass = 17.6910989549515 Tg<br />
Min mass = 17.6910989549499 Tg<br />
Abs diff = 1.6 g<br />
Pct diff = 0.0000 %<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' The non-local PBL mixing option is turned on by default in most of the [[GEOS-Chem v10-01]] directories obtained from the [[GEOS-Chem Unit Tester]]. The non-local PBL mixing option is turned off by default for the following simulations:<br />
* All GCAP simulations:<br />
**<tt>gcap_4x5_POPs, gcap_4x5_RnPbBe, gcap_4x5_tropchem</tt><br />
* All POPs simulations:<br />
**<tt>gcap_4x5_POPs, geos4_4x5_POPs, geos5_2x25_POPs, geos5_4x5_POPs, geosfp_2x25_POPs, geosfp_4x5_POPs, merra_4x5_POPs</tt><br />
* All CO2 simulations<br />
**<tt>geos5_2x25_CO2, geosfp_2x25_CO2, geos5_2x25_masscons, geosfp_2x25_masscons</tt><br />
* All TOMAS40 simulations<br />
**<tt>geos5_4x5_TOMAS40, geosfp_4x5_TOMAS40</tt><br />
<br />
To avoid problems, we recommend also turning off the non-local PBL mixing option for the following simulations:<br />
* All CH4 simulations:<br />
**<tt>geos4_4x5_CH4, geos5_05x0666_CH4_na, geos5_2x25_CH4, geos5_4x5_CH4, geosfp_2x25_CH4, geosfp_4x5_CH4, merra_4x5_CH4</tt><br />
This will be the default in the [[GEOS-Chem v11-01]] CH4 run directories.<br />
<br />
--[[User:Melissa Payer|Melissa Sulprizio]] ([[User talk:Melissa Payer|talk]]) 22:20, 9 December 2015 (UTC)</div>Katherine Travishttps://wiki.seas.harvard.edu/geos-chem/index.php?title=Anthropogenic_emissions&diff=18593Anthropogenic emissions2015-01-15T19:58:44Z<p>Katherine Travis: </p>
<hr />
<div>On this page we list information about the various <br />
[http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/geos/word_pdf_docs/emissions_v8_02_03.pdf anthropogenic emissions inventories available for use w/ GEOS-Chem v8-02-03] and higher versions.<br />
<br />
== Global inventories ==<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=0<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"<br />
! Inventory<br />
! Base Year<br />
! Region<br />
! NO<sub>x</sub><br />
! CO<br />
! PRPE<br />
! C3H8<br />
! ALK4<br />
! C2H6<br />
! ACET<br />
! MEK<br />
! ALD2<br />
! CH2O<br />
! BENZ<br />
! TOLU<br />
! XYLE<br />
! C2H4<br />
! C2H2<br />
! SO2<br />
! SO4<br />
! NH3<br />
! Variability<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| EDGAR<br />
| 2000<br />
| global<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| x<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| season (NOx, SOx)<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| RETRO<br />
| 2000<br />
| global<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| <br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| month<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| GEIA<br />
| 1985<br />
| global<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| season (NOx, SOx)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== EDGAR ===<br />
<br />
Please see our [[EDGAR anthropogenic emissions]] wiki page for more information about the '''E'''missions '''D'''atabase for '''G'''lobal '''A'''tmospheric '''R'''esearch (EDGAR) inventory,<br />
<br />
--[[User:Bmy|Bob Y.]] 11:39, 20 December 2012 (EST)<br />
<br />
=== RETRO ===<br />
<br />
[[Implementation_of_RETRO_Anthropogenic_Emissions|RETRO anthropogenic VOC emissions]] are the recommended default for anthropogenic VOC emissions. The RETRO inventory has improved temporal and spatial resolution and a more inclusive suite of speciated NMVOCs than many of the other optional inventories.<br />
<br />
=== GEIA/Piccot ===<br />
<br />
Previously, this was the baseline anthropogenic emissions inventory in GEOS-Chem. <br />
<br />
Description from [http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/publications/wang1998a.pdf ''Wang et al <nowiki>[1998]</nowiki>]:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>A global NOx emission inventory (21 Tg N/yr) from fossil fuel combustion has been compiled by the Global Emission Inventory Activity [''Benkovitz et al'' 1996] with a 1&deg; x 1&deg; resolution....</blockquote><br />
<br />
<blockquote>Our global CO emission inventory includes 390 TG CO/yr from fossil fuel combustion and industrial activities and 130 Tg CO/yr from wood fuel burning. This inventory has a resolution of 1&deg; x 1&deg; and is aseasonal....</blockquote><br />
<br />
<blockquote>We adopted the country-by-country inventory of ''Piccot et al'' [1992] for emissions of paraffins (45 Tg C/yr) and olefins (18 Tg C/yr) from fossil fuel combustion and industrial activity. The emissions within each country were distributed on the basis of population density using a 1&deg; x 1&deg; population map [''Benkovitz et al'' 1996]. The ''Piccot et al'' inventory gives no information on the speciation of paraffins and olefins; a speciation of emissions for the United states is, however, available from NAPAP [''Middleton et al'' 1990]....On the basis of [additional data from Harvard Forest], we modify the NAPAP apportionment of paraffins....Assuming the NHMC speciation for the United States to be globally representative, we deduce global emission rates of 6.3 Tg C/yr of Ethane, 6.8 Tg C/yr of propane, 30 Tg C/yr of >=C4 alkanes, 1.0 Tg C/yr of acetone, 1.0 Tg C/yr of higher ketones, and 10.4 Tg C/yr of >=C3 alkenes.</blockquote><br />
<br />
==== References ====<br />
<br />
*Benkovitz, C. M., M. T. Scholtz, J. Pacyna, L. Tarrason, J. Dignon, E. C. Voldner, P. A. Spiro, J. A. Logan, and T. E. Graedel, ''Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen, <u>J. Geophys. Res.</u>, '''101'''(D22), 29,239-29,253, 1996.<br />
*Middleton, P., W.R. Stockwell, and W.P.L. Carter, ''Aggregation and analysis of volatile organic carbon emissions for regional modeling'', <u>Atmos. Env.</u>, '''24A''', 1107-1133, 1990.<br />
*Piccot, S.D., J.J. Watson, and J.W. Jones. ''A global inventory of volatile organic compound emissions from anthropogenic sources'', <u>J. Geophys. Res.</u>, '''97''', 9897-9912, 1992.<br />
*Wang, Y., D.J. Jacob, and J.A. Logan, ''Global simulation of tropospheric O3-NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry, 1. Model formulation'', <u>J. Geophys. Res.</u>, '''103''', D9,10,713-10,726, 1998. [http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/publications/1998/wang1998a.pdf PDF]<br />
<br />
== Regional inventories ==<br />
<br />
These inventories can be used to "overwrite" the [[#Global inventories|global emissions inventories]] in specific regions of the world.<br />
<br />
'''''We recommend that you turn on the regional emissions (e.g. BRAVO, CAC, EPA/NEI05, EMEP, etc.), which will override the default underlying global emissions (e.g. EDGAR).''''' To select these emissions inventories, you will have to modify the EMISSIONS MENU section of the <tt>input.geos</tt> input file. For detailed instructions, please see [http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/geos/doc/man/chapter_5.html#5.2.1.5 Section 5.2.1.5 of the GEOS-Chem Users' Guide].<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=0<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"<br />
! Inventory<br />
! Base Year<br />
! Region<br />
! NO<sub>x</sub><br />
! CO<br />
! PRPE<br />
! C3H8<br />
! ALK4<br />
! C2H6<br />
! ACET<br />
! MEK<br />
! ALD2<br />
! CH2O<br />
! SO2<br />
! SO4<br />
! NH3<br />
! BC/OC<br />
! Variability<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| CAC<br />
| 2002,2005<br />
| Canada<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| x <br />
|<br />
| x<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|- align="center"<br />
| EMEP<br />
| 1980-2005<br />
| Europe<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
|<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| <br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
|<br />
| x <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| x<br />
| month (NOx,SOx,CO,NH3)<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| EPA (ICARTT)<br />
| 1999 (2004)<br />
| USA<br />
| x <br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x <br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| <br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| <br />
| month, weekday/weekend<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| VISTAS<br />
| 2002<br />
| USA<br />
| x<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| month<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| BRAVO<br />
| 1999<br />
| Mexico<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| x <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|- align="center"<br />
| STREETS 2000 (2004)<br />
| 2000 (2004)<br />
| S.E. Asia<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| x <br />
|<br />
| x<br />
| <br />
| month (NOx,CO,NH3)<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| STREETS 2006<br />
| 2006<br />
| S.E. Asia<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
| x<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| month (NOx,CO)<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| COOKE<br />
| 1996<br />
| N. America<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| x <br />
| month<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== BRAVO ===<br />
<br />
'''B'''ig Bend '''R'''egional '''A'''erosol and '''V'''isibility '''O'''bservational (BRAVO) Study Emissions Inventory for Mexico and some neighboring U.S. states.<br />
<br />
* ''Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational (BRAVO) Study Emissions Inventory'', H. Kuhns, M. Green, and V. Etyemezian, 2003. [http://www.geos-chem.org/wiki_docs/emissions/BRAVOEI_Report_d2.pdf PDF]<br />
<br />
=== CAC ===<br />
<br />
The Criteria Air Contaminants (CAC) inventory is a regional inventory of anthropogenic emissions over Canada. For more information about the data files, please see [ftp://ftp.as.harvard.edu/gcgrid/geos-chem/data/GEOS_1x1/CAC_200801/README this README file].<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ec.gc.ca/inrp-npri/default.asp?lang=En&n=4A577BB9-1 Source data at Environment Canada]<br />
<br />
===== Ammonia emissions=====<br />
<br />
'''''This update was tested in the 1-month benchmark simulation [[GEOS-Chem_v9-02_benchmark_history#v9-02l|v9-02l]] and approved on 26 Jun 2013.'''''<br />
<br />
The latest anthropogenic ammonia (NH3) emissions inventory over Canada is provided by Agriculture Canada, acquired from detailed surveys on monthly emissions of five agricultural categories: beef, dairy, fertilizer, poultry, and swine. For more information about the data files, please see [http://wiki.seas.harvard.edu/geos-chem/images/CAC_Readme.pdf this README file].<br />
<br />
'''''Update 29 Jul 2013:''''' The [[GEOS-Chem_v9-02_benchmark_history#v9-02l-Run0|1-year benchmark for v9-02l]] revealed that Canadian NH3 emissions were not varying with season as expected. Wai Ho Lo has reprocessed the data files for the CAC NH3 emissions. These new emission files are included in GEOS-Chem v9-02 (tested with benchmark [[GEOS-Chem v9-02|v9-02r]], which was approved on 14 Dec 2013).<br />
<br />
--[[User:Melissa Payer|Melissa Sulprizio]] 18:20, 29 July 2013 (EDT)<br />
<br />
=== David Streets === <br />
<br />
Please see our [[David Streets regional emissions for China and SE Asia]] wiki page for information about the regional inventories created by David Streets and colleagues.<br />
<br />
--[[User:Bmy|Bob Y.]] 11:20, 20 December 2012 (EST)<br />
<br />
=== EMEP ===<br />
<br />
Please see our [[EMEP European anthropogenic emissions]] wiki page for more information about ''The Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe'' (EMEP) European emissions inventory.<br />
<br />
--[[User:Bmy|Bob Y.]] 12:17, 20 December 2012 (EST)<br />
<br />
=== EPA/NEI11 ===<br />
<br />
Please visit our page for the [[EPA/NEI11 North American emissions]].<br />
<br />
=== EPA/NEI08 ===<br />
<br />
Please visit our page for the [[EPA/NEI08 North American emissions]].<br />
<br />
=== EPA/NEI05 ===<br />
<br />
Please visit our page for the [[EPA/NEI05 North American emissions]].<br />
<br />
=== EPA/NEI99 ===<br />
<br />
Please visit our page for the [[EPA/NEI99 North American emissions]].<br />
<br />
== Annual scale factors for anthropogenic emissions inventories ==<br />
<br />
'''''Please see our [[Scale factors for anthropogenic emissions]] wiki page for the latest information about scale factors for anthropogenic emissions inventories used in GEOS-Chem.'''''<br />
<br />
The " => Scale to (1985-2005)" option in input.geos will scale all anthropogenic emissions to the year that you select, unless data for that year exists. If you enter a negative number (recommended), emissions will be automatically scaled to the closest-to-simulation year and/or the best base year is selected when several are available in one inventory (like EMEP). It is recommended to set this field to -1 or 2006 for simulations after 2005, so that all inventories are scaled to 2005, and STREETS 2006 is used in SE ASIA.<br />
<br />
Here is a brief explanation from van Donkelaar et al., ACPD, 8, 4017-4057, 2008:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>We scale all regional and global inventories from their respective base year to 2003, the last year of available statistics, unless its base year is after 2003. Our approach follows Bey et al. (2001) and Park et al. (2004). Emissions are scaled according to estimates provided by individual countries, where available. These countries/regions include the United States, Canada, Japan and Europe. NOx emissions of remaining countries are scaled proportional to changes in total CO2 emissions. SOx emissions are similarly scaled to solid fuel CO2 emissions and CO emissions to liquid fuel CO2 emissions. CO2 emission data are obtained from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC).</blockquote> <br />
<br />
Note that the scale factor have been updated since that paper to go up to 2005, and are based on REAS data now for South East Asia:<br />
<br />
Relative changes in the REAS inventory (Ohara et al., ACP, [2007], http://www.jamstec.go.jp/frsgc/research/d4/reas_h_a.html) over East Asia<br />
have been used. This should be a good improvement as REAS emissions are gridded, rather than national scale emissions, giving us much better spatial detail. Also, these scalars are now based on actual NOx, SOx and CO emission estimates, not strictly an assumed proportionality between total, solid and liquid CO2 emissions.<br />
<br />
== Seasonal scale factors for anthropogenic emissions inventories ==<br />
<br />
Seasonal scale factors are described on the [[Scale factors for anthropogenic emissions]] wiki page.<br />
<br />
== Diurnal variation for anthropogenic NOx emissions ==<br />
<br />
The diurnal variation for NOx is described on the [[Scale factors for anthropogenic emissions]] wiki page.<br />
<br />
== Other resources ==<br />
<br />
Please see the following references for more information about anthropogenic emissions in GEOS-Chem:<br />
<br />
# [http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/geos/word_pdf_docs/emissions_v8_02_03.pdf Anthropogenic emissions in GEOS-Chem v8-02-03] <br />
# [http://wiki.seas.harvard.edu/geos-chem/images/Anth_emiss_gc_v8-01-04.pdf Anthropogenic emissions in GEOS-Chem v8-01-04] <br />
# [http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/geos/word_pdf_docs/INVENTORY_GC_public-pre_v8.pdf Anthropogenic emissions prior to v8-01-01]<br />
<br />
== Previous issues that are now resolved ==<br />
<br />
=== Anthropogenic ethane emissions are too low ===<br />
<br />
'''''This update was tested in the 1-month benchmark simulation [[GEOS-Chem v9-01-03 benchmark history#v9-01-03i|v9-01-03i]] and approved on 26 Mar 2012.'''''<br />
<br />
In addition to [[Implementation of RETRO Anthropogenic Emissions#RETRO anthropogenic ethane emissions are too low|RETRO anthropogenic ethane emissions being too low]], Emily Fischer found that ethane emissions in the [[Anthropogenic emissions#EPA.2FNEI05|EPA/NEI2005]], [[Anthropogenic emissions#Streets 2006|Streets]], and [[Anthropogenic emissions#EMEP|EMEP]] regional inventories are also too low. Therefore, these regional ethane emissions should not overwrite the global anthropogenic ethane emissions provided by Yaping Xiao. This update is slated for implementation into [[GEOS-Chem v9-01-03]], as part of the update to replace RETRO C2H6 emissions with emissions from the offline C2H6 simulation.<br />
<br />
=== Prevent negative emissions over Canada ===<br />
<br />
'''''This update was tested in the 1-month benchmark simulation [[GEOS-Chem_v9-02_benchmark_history#v9-02m|v9-02m]] and approved on 30 Jul 2013.'''''<br />
'''''This update is included in Adjoint [[GEOS-Chem_Adjoint_v35 | v35]].'''''<br />
<br />
'''''[mailto:paulot@seas.harvard.edu Fabien Paulot] wrote:'''''<br />
<br />
:I think I found a nasty bug in CAC emissions. I am getting negative emissions, for 200611 for all anthropogenic species in Canada (standard code v9.1.3). I think this is related to line 413, where some linear interpolation is performed, assuming that 2005 emissions will be greater than 2002 emissions in every grid box.<br />
<br />
:We should set the emissions to 0 when 2002 exceeds 2005 by more than a factor of three.<br />
<br />
:Anyway, the bug will get worse and worse after 2006.<br />
<br />
'''''[mailto:ckeller@seas.harvard.edu Christoph Keller] wrote:'''''<br />
<br />
:I didn't check it quantitatively, but this makes sense!<br />
<br />
:What if we add a simple where statement after line 413:<br />
<br />
WHERE ( GEOS_1x1 < 0d0 )<br />
GEOS_1x1 = 0d0<br />
END WHERE<br />
<br />
'''''[mailto:paulot@seas.harvard.edu Fabien Paulot] wrote:'''''<br />
<br />
:Yes this would work. I haven't checked the nested simulation. There may be an error there too.<br />
<br />
:Note this will only affect 2006 and 2007<br />
<br />
--[[User:Melissa Payer|Melissa Payer]] 13:51, 23 March 2012 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Outstanding issues not yet resolved ==</div>Katherine Travishttps://wiki.seas.harvard.edu/geos-chem/index.php?title=File:2005-2010-comparison.jpeg&diff=13808File:2005-2010-comparison.jpeg2013-08-09T17:39:22Z<p>Katherine Travis: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Katherine Travis